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Waterfowl make an interesting comparison. The article I cited also refers to the gradual decomposition/erosion of the cuticle during incubation facilitating gas exchange for the embryo within, the need for which increases through the 3 weeks of course. And the cuticle contributes to the strength...

I don't think it is. According to S. SAMIULLAH and J.R. ROBERTS 'The eggshell cuticle of the laying hen' World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 70, December 2014, the "cuticle layer of the eggshell is composed of inner calcified and outer non-calcified water insoluble layers" (emphasis added)...

the 2011 paper you cited used SEM, not the 1975 one. Cuticle quality may decline with age, but I'm not going to generalise it to all hens on the basis of studies that used birds only 23-70 weeks old, who were all production hens, fed commercial feed, in confinement. One of my 5 years olds is...

staining and SEM

This is an interesting question; thanks for raising it. I haven't yet found anything pertinent to the main question, but in the meantime do note something I think important re: the cuticle/bloom, since those in the studies are surprisingly variable and of poor quality. This paper...