I use aquarium heaters. Third year now same heaters. They do not crack, shatter or explode. The water has run out. They have been frozen in the water ( when I forgot to plug them back in). They have spent the summer in the chicken stuff bin with all the other odds and ends tossed on top of them...
I think the temp they prefer is very dependent on the outside temp. The colder it gets the warmer they like the water.
I think when they are trying to keep warm the colder water is harder to drink. It is also less energy to keep warm and more available to produce eggs.
I have read reports...
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I find that my chickens drink more water during the winter when it is warmer. I measured the volumes. I have three waterer's in three separate pens. I had two heated with the water ranging from 45 -70 degrees in temp. The other water temp was hovering about 32-34 degrees The chickens...
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I use an old dog dish for water. I have been thinking of hanging a heat lamp with a 25 w bulb about 4" directly above my water bowl. It would keep the chickens and poop out of the water keep the water heated, and keep the lamp dry.
http://nbgazette.com/fp-content/images/heat-lamp.jpg
I...