That's an interesting question. I know that the birds who nest in cold climates do special things to protect their eggs. If you watch the movie March of the Penguins you see how the penguin female lays her egg and then immediately moves it to the warm pouch on top of the male's feet. If they don't do it right the egg immediately freezes, swells & cracks, and this couple is out of business for the year. Many other birds that do live in cold climates migrate to warmer places for nesting season. Perhaps Snow Geese make warm nests lined with goose down to protect their egglings.
But I know that chicken eggs can be refrigerated, I don't know for how long, and still be viable. I've given my broody hens eggs that had been stored in the refrigerator for a few days prior, and I know that other folks have gotten fertile eggs from stores like Trader Joe's and hatched them.
