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The smell of roses or even blood can be used to repell a predator if they come to learn they are likely to be threatened when such smell is around. Conditioning operates with predators in wild as well.

That is routine with animals scent marking, especially at territorial boundaries. Such locations are like walls or signs for human gangs. Marking is most effective against rivals in areas where neighbors frequent. If parties now each other as often is case with neighbors, they now about threat...

Yes, really. When I teach metabolism to college students, degradation and excretion of nitrogenous compounds where are dominated by amino acids is major point. Your first citation is most in line with components influencing the solutes making up urine of most mammals which are typified by...

That is not correct. Urine of mammals is water, urea, salts, small amounts of amino acids and pheromones. Pheromones are the part used for communitication. Uric acid is the form of nitrogen typical of birds and most reptiles.

Coyote urine will get attention of red fox if fox recognizes what scent is from. In most areas fox does know what a coyote is and realizes such a critter is to be avoided as it will pursue you with considerble effort. Gray wolf urine will get attention of red fox if fox recognizes what scent...