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Chicks and layer feed are like smoking and cancer. You can no more say that a chick raised on laying layer feed will die of kidney damage, assuming you even autopsy, at some future point then you can say a pack a day smoker will die of lung cancer. What you can say with absolute confidence, is...

Long term, excessive calcium in layer feed is associated with higher incidence of mortality - particularly in cockerels - due to kidney damage. Short term, the low protein plus the rest of that diet looks a lot like malnutrition and, loosely, "failure to thrive". I've seen no reliable studies...