The age match up is fine. With some of the pullets laying and him being almost a year old your chances of it going well are pretty good. You don't get guarantees on behaviors with living animals since each chicken has its own personality, male and female. So definitely watch and see how it goes, but the ages are a good match.
I don't know what breed or the size of your 1 year old from a friend is, but there is a chance it could kill that Cornish X cockerel. It's almost certain to be more mature and a lot quicker in a fight. Again you can't tell for sure until you try it.
I don't like being this brutal, but that Cornish X is unlikely to live much longer anyway. They are bred to be butchered by two months age. Unless they are kept on a very restricted diet from the start they grow so fast and so big that their heart stops or their skeleton breaks down. It's not pretty. I'm sure you've given it as good a life as you can but it's probably too late to isolate it and restrict the feed. I wouldn't know how much to feed it anyway but it would always be hungry. I'm not sure how good that quality of life is anyway if it is always hungry. I appreciate the spot you are in with your children. I don't see a way for you to win.