It takes an egg about 25 hours to go through the hen’s internal egg laying factory. It can only be fertilized during the first 15 minutes of that journey. I’ll help you with the math.
If the mating takes place on a Sunday, Sunday’s egg will not be fertile. It started its journey on Saturday before the mating. Monday’s egg might or might not be fertile. It depends on what time of day the mating took place and when the egg started its journey. Tuesday’s egg will almost certainly be fertile. As you noted, this is after a mating. A rooster does not necessarily mate every hen in the flock every day.
The other part of your question is a little harder. There is no absolute time limit for each and every case. Most hens will lay fertile eggs for about two weeks after a mating. Some may lose fertility after maybe 9 days bit I think most of us use two weeks and that usually works out OK.
There have been several reported cases on this forum where eggs were fertile for as long as 3-1/2 weeks after a mating. So if you want to make sure a hen is not fertile from a certain rooster, 4 weeks is probably the best time period to use.
So I think the answer to your questions are to wait two days after a mating and reintroduce them before two weeks pass.