I can't tell you a percent, but probably some would. And no, there is no other way to learn whether they are fertile, other than incubating them, of course.
Since your chickens just startedl laying, it might be best to eat what you have, and collect a fresh batch and keep them at room temp...
How to tell if the eggs are fertile: https://www.backyardchickens.com/t/735392/redneck-fungshui-brooding-17-degree-temperatures/0_20 (This is linked in the sticky on the Incubating forum)
Article about broodies: https://www.backyardchickens.com/a/broody-hens