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I'm trying to understand this.... Is this why some are lighter and others are darker? Or is that a totally different thing?
YES. Males with two copies appear much lighter. Males with one copy and females (who also have only one copy as it is a sex-linked gene) are darker.
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There is not a gold laced bird in these photos. Do you mean the buffish bird or the partridge one (brown with black stripes, which are the juvenile feather pattern for partridge)
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half correct: wide and skinny stripes
"muted" has to do with the fast feathering gene (as compared with the slow feathering gene which makes nice crisp bars).