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As a general rule you need about 5 Watts of heat per gallon of water for stock heaters in open tanks, unless the extreme temps are sustained for extended periods of time...
When you consider a 55 gallon barrel is fully enclosed, thus providing protection from wind and the heat exchanges of the open surface water, as well as providing some degree of insulation it potentially lowers that wattage requirement over an open stock tank or pond...
In extreme cold the outsides of the horizontal nipples will freeze to some degree, but in may cases the birds can peck the ice away pretty easily and or it doesn't take much effort to liberate the ice yourself with a little heat or picking...
Ya I have read through some different ones, it seems the horizontal is the most trouble free way to go. I think installing them through the side of a barrel is the best way to go for winter, I will probably make a pipe system for warmer months when I can just leave the hose hooked up
I highly recommend 'practicing' installation by drilling different sized holes and threading nipple in on a similar piece of scrap material.Ya I have read through some different ones, it seems the horizontal is the most trouble free way to go. I think installing them through the side of a barrel is the best way to go for winter, I will probably make a pipe system for warmer months when I can just leave the hose hooked up