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In had 3 females with a few males in a brooder a while back and the females did have longer tails. I can't remember how early it showed up ... maybe at one week and then the female tales continued to be longer clear up past the time that they you could verify sex by comb growth. I remember this because I didn't have to mark them in any way to tell them apart. I thought I was the founder of some great secret. ;-) However, I have hatched our batches since that don't show this difference which made me wonder why that first group was so easy to figure out so early. In later batches, I kept looking at the tails thinking that I would be able to tell the boys from the girls and I couldn't. This bugs me. I would prefer a little consistency.
My understanding is that rate of feathering is sex-linked. It crosses over to the opposite gender in the offspring, and only works if the parents are set up the right way. Parent hens must be slow feathering, and roosters must carry both genes for rapid feathering. That way all the female offspring feather rapidly and all the males slowly. The males end up carrying one slow feathering gene and one fast feathering gene, but the slow feathering is dominant and prevails.
In subsequent generations it gets all messed up because the parent stock are no longer configured right genetically. Roosters have mixed slow/rapid feathering genes that produce offspring of both types. Rapid feathering hens are not useful to produce feather sexable offspring because slow feathering is dominant, and if paired with a slow feathering rooster will produce all slow feathering offspring.
In the poultry industry, to produce consistently feather sexable offspring, they have to maintain two separate strains of parent stock, one for producing slow feathering hens, and one for producing fast feathering roosters. Only the offspring of these specially selected parent stock will produce consistent results.
If you have an understanding of how barring works, it helps to think about it that way. It works to think of barring as slow feathering. Sex-linking with barring only works if the female is barred.
It's possible that certain lines carry other genes that influence feathering speed that create more consistent results. I have not seen consistent results at the 3-day old level, just at 30-50 days.
I have a rooster that I am pretty sure carries both genes for fast feathering. His wing primaries were huge at 4 days. It will be interesting to experiment with him to see if he passes this trait on to his girls.