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i wish i could tell you how to do that, but i havent figured it out myself after all these years.
if a bird looks healthy, it probably is. i buy a lot of birds at swaps, and very seldom ever have a problem. make sure you look under the wings and around the vent for cralers of any sort. if you see any a quick spray with adams flea and tick will usually take care of them.
i have bought a lot of birds from good show stock breeders, and have had much worse luck with them.
as for telling the age, if it looks old it is. when you look at the eyes of birds you will notice that old birds have tired looking eyes. they let their lids droop alot, they dont have a "glint" in their eyes anymore. [kinda like us old people!]
most people dont "pawn off sick birds" at swaps, some do but most only take birds they want to get rid of. a lot of older hens, over 2-3 years old, show up at swaps because their egg production is starting to fall off. very rare to find a real old bird at a swap, every now and then someone will bring a 5-8 year old cock to a swap, just because they happened to catch the old bugger!
a lot of the people that say they got taken at swaps and auction just got birds that hadnt been exposed to the same bugs as theirs. this will cause the birds to die off rather quickly sometimes if you dont catch it in the beginning.
new birds can also give your birds their "cooties", causing problems with your origional flock. that is why we seperate the new birds for a while before we mix the flocks.
it realy sounds a whole lot worse than it is, and doesnt seem like a big deal till you loose 50-100 birds in 2 days! fortunately, that only happens rarely anymore.
from what i have seen over the years, most of the birds are 1 year or less in age. people bring in last falls hatch because they dont need anymore birds, or they just like to swap birds.