Has anyone mentioned the ceramic heat bulbs that go into a standard heat lamp? Here they are in the feed stores. I sometimes heat a medium sized rock, or fire bricks in the oven and wrap in a towel and put it in the shavings under the roost. It gives off heat and stays warm for about 4 hours. In that deep cold I doubt it would be very effective but I think it holds heat longer than a water jug. Alcohol fueled marine heaters are safe and let off no carbon monoxide. I used one to brood our chicks in the garage. More bedding material as insulation too.