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I think that they can tell. I have two black chickens the only black ones of the whole flock of 15 and they are always together and would probably notice if one went missing. Once, they were together and one ran over and pecked a baby chick for no reason while the other one waited over by the wood pile and the they ran off together like "ha ha!" It was so mean though, but they definitely know that they are different. Sorry, I got carried away lol!
I have observed the same behavior in my flock, though not consistently. Often the barred or cuckoo patterned birds will sleep together on the perch. My roo has shown preference for non barred/cuckoo patterned birds. He likes the blacks, reds, and partridge girls.