With heating pads, first night, see above: With a low of 3F last night, the low in the coop was only 21F. I feel comfortable with 15-20 degrees inside the coop, and since the chickens' body heat seems to keep the coop 10 degrees above the outside temp, I'll probably only plug the heating pad in on nights where it dips below 10F.
The heating pad itself seemed pretty cool to the touch, and I moved my min/max thermometer next to the roost for a more accurate reading. It's only supposed to get down to 17 tonight and I'll leave it off. I'm going to test again tomorrow night, which should get down to 11F, and I might try the Medium setting on the heating pad.
I've used this pad with a couple duckling hatches (wrapped in a towel for them to snuggle on), and I think I used Med. for a couple of the chillier spring nights with them along with a 75 or 100 watt light in an XL Dogloo. Still, any electricity in the coop makes me worry a bit, and I'm thinking of picking up a seedling mat (they are regulated at about 80F), which is cheaper than the radiant heat mats for reptiles, and might be safer than the heating pad.