There are seasonal rhythms to egg laying for chickens. The first year, as pullets, they aren't as effected by this. In the second year, you start seeing it.
In an adult chicken, they may stop laying eggs temporarily starting in the spring, if they go broody.
They usually stop laying in the fall, when they do a big molt, especially if they do a hard molt, where they lose a lot of feathers all at once, instead of more gradually. The better their diet is, the easier a time they will have growing feathers, which takes a lot of nutrients. Especially protein, methionine in particular.
Many chickens stop laying in the winter, when the days are shorter. Certain breeds are better than others at winter laying. You can also provide supplemental lighting, to provide a longer day and keep them laying. Some do, some don't.
Chickens can lay eggs for many years and can live into their teens, although not all do. At some point, they lay less and at some point they stop. When any of that happens is really a guessing game. I have some Faverolles right now that still laid an egg a day as three year olds. They're still doing well as four year olds, although now I'm seeing a reduction. Maybe 75% laying each day, at the moment. On the other hand, they're more broody than my others, so that cuts down a little on production. Some of my other purebreds that were breeder quality birds, weren't daily layers even as younger birds. They were gorgeous and sweet, though. Sometimes, even though you plan and read about breeds, you just have to wait and see what the genetics are of the chickens you end up with.