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So better get on this genetics...gonna pick on White which is NO pigment...not black or red but nada pigments = white in feathers.
Let's understand what happens with variables and how the Punnett Squares help us with a small amount of variances, say two or three but more than that and we can end up with headaches, eh.
I often get to sound harsh but the reality is when you go outside two genetically similar birds (as in a breed/variety) bred together, the exponential expected outcomes with each difference ADDED to the equation are unfathomable for many to grasp.
Difficult breeding the same recognized breeds and same varieties together...now it gets WAY complex when you wanna mix up breeds, varieties...here's a small window in on the "possible crosses" as outcomes.
ONE difference in the parents results in potential of 4 outcomes in the kids / TWO differences between the parents = 16 outcomes in the progeny...just THREE differences = 64 outcomes, and so it goes. When you cross breeds you are crossing different shapes...when you cross varieties, you are crossing different colour patterns (sometimes combs, sometimes muffs/beard). Because we have studied and segregated the colour genetics out more than say what makes a breed a breed (shape and other characteristics), playing with colour genetics as in varieties is a bit easier...a bit to do.
So one of the more simple varieties to create and do well for exhibition purposes is the White bird...but genetically speaking, a White bird can be hiding any number of mutations, but let's look at just the ones that make up the WHITE part of the colour equation.
For a White feathered bird, there are an assortment of any SIX different mutations PLUS White feathers can be based on ANY e-series of the FIVE known different alleles...never mind what makes up "wild type" as just the base on a chicken. So you have SEVEN variances...let's just keep it simple and look at a maximum of THREE variances since that gives you 64 different outcomes on the three...never mind the SEVEN in a White bird (if that bird just happens to be wild type UNDER that white--could be a ton of other mutations hidden to bite you and ouch!).
Add one trait difference--monohybrid cross or one factor cross, there are FOUR outcomes possible...matrix is 2x2 (AA x aa); AA Aa aa. A typical ratio for phenotypes (simple dominant versus recessive) in the F2's are 3:1 and genotypes is 1:2:1.
Add two traits difference--a dihybrid cross or two factors, there are SIXTEEN outcomes possible...matrix is 4x4 (AaBb x AaBb); AaBb AaBB aaBb aabb. A typical ratio for phenotypes in the F2's is 9:3:3:1 and genotype is 1:2:2:4:2:2:3:1.
Add three traits difference--a trihybrid cross or three factors, there are SIXTY FOUR outcomes possible...matrix is 8x8 (AaBbCc x AaBbCc). AABBCC AaBbCc AaBBCc AaBBCC AaBbcc aaBbCc aaBcCC aabbcc. A typical genotype ratio of 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1:2:4:2:4:8:4:2:4:2:1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 (1 AABBCC : 2 AABBCc : 1 AABBcc : 2 AABbCC : 4 AABbCc : 2 AABbcc : 1 AAbbCC : 2 AAbbCc : 1 AAbbcc : 2 AaBBCC : 4 AaBBCc : 2 AaBBcc : 4 AaBbCC : 8 AaBbCc : 4 AaBbcc : 2 AabbCC : 4 AabbCc : 2 Aabbcc : 1 aaBBCC : 2 aaBBCc : 1 aaBBcc : 2 aaBbCC : 4 aaBbCc : 2 aaBbcc : 1 aabbCC : 2 aabbCc : 1 aabbcc) and phenotype ratio of 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 (27 ABC : 9 ABc : 9 AbC : 9 aBC : 3 Abc : 3 aBc : 3 abC : 1 abc).
You see where this is going fast??
I did a trihybrid cross on paper for one colour pattern of our heritage turkeys here...I crossed two heterozygous parents...identical to each other...Blue Red Slate turkey x Blue Red Slate turkey...for the FUN of it and because I can...I doubt I would do it again, but it was fun to fill out that many outcomes and see the patterns. I have a mathematical brain that needs to be used or lost...SIXTY FOUR boxes to fill in the matrix...we are talking FUN times, eh.
Recessive White is c/c
Self White may hide anything and everything under the NO pigment. I spent five years breeding my bantam White Wyandottes to learn what colour genetics were hiding under the recessive white. Read that...FIVE years test breeding ONE strain so that I could BEGIN my real blood bantam Chantecler project. Five years before even beginning the standard sized to bantam size project and I am getting geared up now for the fifth generation on those next.
Watching the F4's grow up now...got Self-Whites and those are some of the easiest of the varieties to make. I have count them and weep...three birds right now that I am holding hopes on...TWO females and ONE male after years and years and hundreds of birds later...ask me how many thousands of dollars down a black hole to make. Yeh, one trio of potential breeders. I am so proud of those three...but I also know the cost to make them, eh. I have another two pairs in reserve but in reality, any time you mess with colours as in varieties, it takes a while to get back on track never mind if you choose to CROSS breeds which I choose to do rarely and only with good reason.
I also have one male and four females in the self-Buffs...in the Partridge, quite a few but not ready to begin making selections for breeders...just need a bit more time seeing what they have to offer us, this F4 generation.
For some fun...go here...click on buttons, expand to five traits...see all the purdy colours...kewl eh!
http://scienceprimer.com/punnett-square-calculator
"Number of traits in cross:"
You can go as high as five different traits...yeh thought three was kewl...how about 256 outcomes, eh? That's why we use calculators to do the messy calculations but before you should be allowed to use a computer to figure out a problem, you should have to count on yer fingees and toesies a few times to appreciate the complexities of this.
Press the "Show Frequencies" button to see the percentages of each displayed in an array of different colours.
They have set this up to display colours for each difference...you may be able to SEE what I SEE in patterns as far as numbers and letters (big/little ones in genetic matrixes)...I don't need to see the colours to enjoy the patterns made...that is where my brain goes. Yours may or may not...we all learn at different rates and ways...jest so long as we LEARN!
Let us go learn now... Now that we bin scared into paying attention...er running away screaming...
Doggone & Chicken UP!
Tara Lee Higgins
Higgins Rat Ranch Conservation Farm, Alberta, Canada
So better get on this genetics...gonna pick on White which is NO pigment...not black or red but nada pigments = white in feathers.
Let's understand what happens with variables and how the Punnett Squares help us with a small amount of variances, say two or three but more than that and we can end up with headaches, eh.
I often get to sound harsh but the reality is when you go outside two genetically similar birds (as in a breed/variety) bred together, the exponential expected outcomes with each difference ADDED to the equation are unfathomable for many to grasp.
Difficult breeding the same recognized breeds and same varieties together...now it gets WAY complex when you wanna mix up breeds, varieties...here's a small window in on the "possible crosses" as outcomes.
ONE difference in the parents results in potential of 4 outcomes in the kids / TWO differences between the parents = 16 outcomes in the progeny...just THREE differences = 64 outcomes, and so it goes. When you cross breeds you are crossing different shapes...when you cross varieties, you are crossing different colour patterns (sometimes combs, sometimes muffs/beard). Because we have studied and segregated the colour genetics out more than say what makes a breed a breed (shape and other characteristics), playing with colour genetics as in varieties is a bit easier...a bit to do.
So one of the more simple varieties to create and do well for exhibition purposes is the White bird...but genetically speaking, a White bird can be hiding any number of mutations, but let's look at just the ones that make up the WHITE part of the colour equation.
For a White feathered bird, there are an assortment of any SIX different mutations PLUS White feathers can be based on ANY e-series of the FIVE known different alleles...never mind what makes up "wild type" as just the base on a chicken. So you have SEVEN variances...let's just keep it simple and look at a maximum of THREE variances since that gives you 64 different outcomes on the three...never mind the SEVEN in a White bird (if that bird just happens to be wild type UNDER that white--could be a ton of other mutations hidden to bite you and ouch!).
Add one trait difference--monohybrid cross or one factor cross, there are FOUR outcomes possible...matrix is 2x2 (AA x aa); AA Aa aa. A typical ratio for phenotypes (simple dominant versus recessive) in the F2's are 3:1 and genotypes is 1:2:1.
Add two traits difference--a dihybrid cross or two factors, there are SIXTEEN outcomes possible...matrix is 4x4 (AaBb x AaBb); AaBb AaBB aaBb aabb. A typical ratio for phenotypes in the F2's is 9:3:3:1 and genotype is 1:2:2:4:2:2:3:1.
Add three traits difference--a trihybrid cross or three factors, there are SIXTY FOUR outcomes possible...matrix is 8x8 (AaBbCc x AaBbCc). AABBCC AaBbCc AaBBCc AaBBCC AaBbcc aaBbCc aaBcCC aabbcc. A typical genotype ratio of 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1:2:4:2:4:8:4:2:4:2:1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 (1 AABBCC : 2 AABBCc : 1 AABBcc : 2 AABbCC : 4 AABbCc : 2 AABbcc : 1 AAbbCC : 2 AAbbCc : 1 AAbbcc : 2 AaBBCC : 4 AaBBCc : 2 AaBBcc : 4 AaBbCC : 8 AaBbCc : 4 AaBbcc : 2 AabbCC : 4 AabbCc : 2 Aabbcc : 1 aaBBCC : 2 aaBBCc : 1 aaBBcc : 2 aaBbCC : 4 aaBbCc : 2 aaBbcc : 1 aabbCC : 2 aabbCc : 1 aabbcc) and phenotype ratio of 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 (27 ABC : 9 ABc : 9 AbC : 9 aBC : 3 Abc : 3 aBc : 3 abC : 1 abc).
You see where this is going fast??
I did a trihybrid cross on paper for one colour pattern of our heritage turkeys here...I crossed two heterozygous parents...identical to each other...Blue Red Slate turkey x Blue Red Slate turkey...for the FUN of it and because I can...I doubt I would do it again, but it was fun to fill out that many outcomes and see the patterns. I have a mathematical brain that needs to be used or lost...SIXTY FOUR boxes to fill in the matrix...we are talking FUN times, eh.
Recessive White is c/c
Self White may hide anything and everything under the NO pigment. I spent five years breeding my bantam White Wyandottes to learn what colour genetics were hiding under the recessive white. Read that...FIVE years test breeding ONE strain so that I could BEGIN my real blood bantam Chantecler project. Five years before even beginning the standard sized to bantam size project and I am getting geared up now for the fifth generation on those next.
Watching the F4's grow up now...got Self-Whites and those are some of the easiest of the varieties to make. I have count them and weep...three birds right now that I am holding hopes on...TWO females and ONE male after years and years and hundreds of birds later...ask me how many thousands of dollars down a black hole to make. Yeh, one trio of potential breeders. I am so proud of those three...but I also know the cost to make them, eh. I have another two pairs in reserve but in reality, any time you mess with colours as in varieties, it takes a while to get back on track never mind if you choose to CROSS breeds which I choose to do rarely and only with good reason.
I also have one male and four females in the self-Buffs...in the Partridge, quite a few but not ready to begin making selections for breeders...just need a bit more time seeing what they have to offer us, this F4 generation.
For some fun...go here...click on buttons, expand to five traits...see all the purdy colours...kewl eh!
http://scienceprimer.com/punnett-square-calculator
"Number of traits in cross:"
You can go as high as five different traits...yeh thought three was kewl...how about 256 outcomes, eh? That's why we use calculators to do the messy calculations but before you should be allowed to use a computer to figure out a problem, you should have to count on yer fingees and toesies a few times to appreciate the complexities of this.
Press the "Show Frequencies" button to see the percentages of each displayed in an array of different colours.
They have set this up to display colours for each difference...you may be able to SEE what I SEE in patterns as far as numbers and letters (big/little ones in genetic matrixes)...I don't need to see the colours to enjoy the patterns made...that is where my brain goes. Yours may or may not...we all learn at different rates and ways...jest so long as we LEARN!
Let us go learn now... Now that we bin scared into paying attention...er running away screaming...
Doggone & Chicken UP!
Tara Lee Higgins
Higgins Rat Ranch Conservation Farm, Alberta, Canada
