vaccines

[BRYAN662]

i need to introduce some of my young pullets to my flock. but i would like to vaccinate them first. can i use multiple types of vaccines at one time? i would like to vaccinate for crd and fowl pox

 

[Glenda L Heywood]

Fowl Pox is simple and to do you have to vaccinate all ages of fowl at the same time
and besure and buy fowl pox vaccine for chickens as there are other types
I will put it on next post


I think you would have to wait as both are live virus and need to get over one vaccination in month before having the other

you may want to contact a vet
before doing the vaccinations

with that said
CRD takes some study. Have you done this?

FROM
It is a stress factor for CRD , thus vaccination should be delayed. j. Treatment: ... 3. Vaccination program: Immunization of chickens against infectious ...

compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/.../pathology/avianmed/chapter4.html - 113k - Cached


h. Diagnosis
1. Has signs similar to coryza, CRD, LT, IB, Fowl cholera and Fowl plague. Differential field diagnosis based on history, signs and necropsy finding should be considered.
2. One of the two diseases actually affect egg quality. (IB, MD)
3. Field differential diagnosis.
CharactersCoryza --- CRD LT IB ND
Age Any 4 wks Growing Days+ Days
Spread Fast Fast --- Slow (+) Fast (++) Fast
Duration Wk+ wks+ --- wks + 1 wk 1-2 wk +
Coughing Some Some Some Some Some
Gasping + + + + +
Rattling - + + ++ ++
Air Sacs -or + +++ - + ++
Trachea Mucous Mucous M blood Mucous M blood
Nervous - - - - +
Egg Quality - - Slightly ++ ++
Odor + - - - - -

4. Laboratory diagnosis is considered essential to confirm filed cases. In making a laboratory diagnosis, the following procedures are used:
l) Virus isolation. Round wooden sterile sticks without cotton tips were used for swabbing trachea, spleen-lung composite, brain or cloaca. The swabbing is washed with brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth, refrigeration over- night.
2) Chick embryo inoculation The above material is then inoculated into the chorioallantoic cavity of ten-days old chick embryos. In the case of VVND virus, the embryo should die within 5 day. Collect the allantoic fluid from dead embryos for further study.
3. Serological test. The allantoic fluid collected is used for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test, to identify the Virus.
4.Animal inoculation. Allantoic fluid from (2) is inoculated, introaocularly or through the cloaca, to 4-7 weeks-old susceptible chickens. The inoculated chickens should develop typical ND signs within 10 days.
5. Diagnosis with sentinel birds. Chicken flocks recently vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine will prevent mortality and severe losses in the flock. However, these birds are still susceptible to infection of VVND virus and eventually excrete viruses that would endanger unvaccinated flocks. Under this condition, sentinel birds (very susceptible to VVND) are used to detect the presence of VVND virus.
6 Other methods such as serum neutralization test (this test is more sensitive than HI test, but costs more and required longer time for the test), fluorescent antibody technic, tissue culture technic for typical plague formation are also employed.
i. Method of control and prevention
Eradication program.

(l) Slaughter infected and exposed flocks to eliminate sources of virus excretions. Thoroughly clean and disinfect the premises.
(2) Establish surveillance and reporting system.
Collection of dead poultry from commercial ranches for necropsy examination and virus isolation. Educate owners to report any disease condition of contagious nature. Place sentinel birds in selected commercial as well as backyard poultry flocks.

Vaccination Program . Vaccination of unexposed poultry can slow down the spread of VVND. Lasota, Roakin, B, TCND and kimber are the common vaccine strains used for immunization However, as mentioned above, vaccination reduces loss due to mortality, but does not prevent a flock from becoming infected. Vaccination is the best method to control Newcastle disease other than VVND.

l) Strains of virus for vaccination.
a. Bl strain is the most common and mild strain.
b. La Sota slightly cirulent, both strain can be applied either in the eye, nostril or through drinking water.
c. Koakin strain - more virulent strain, injection on wing web.
d. GB strain - a very virulent strain, usually used to challenge immune birds.
2) Two types of vaccine
KILLED VIRUS:
Site of injection
Breast muscle.

Age:
Any age.

Advantage:
No danger of bringing the disease to the farm.

Duration of immunity: Immunity started about one week after vaccination, peak at 2-3 weeks, started to drop fast at 6-8 weeks, disappear in about 6 months.

LIVE VIRUS VACCINE:
Age:
As young as days.

Site:
Eye is preferred over the nostril. Can be used as combination with IB vaccine in water.

Revaccination should be done at 4 weeks and 4 months.

J. Treatment:
No effective treatment.

 

[Glenda L Heywood]

For Fowl pox here is information to study
FROM
is a stress factor for CRD , thus vaccination should be delayed. j. Treatment: ... 3. Vaccination program: Immunization of chickens against infectious ...

compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/.../pathology/avianmed/chapter4.html - 113k - Cached

go down from CRD info and go till you see fowl pox or avian pox


FOWL POX
a. Synonyms:
Sore head, avian diphtheria, contagious epithelium, camper, chicken pox.

b. Definition:
Avian pox is a chronic viral infection of birds characterized by discrete, proliferative lesions, mucous membrane of the mouth and upper respiratory tract.

c. Etiology:
1. Avain pox is caused by a virus of the pox group. The virus particle is large, oval, or brick-shaped, about 150 to 200mu. by 265 to 350 mu. in size.
2. It is a DNA containing enveloped virus, which develops in the cytoplasm of infected epithelial cells.
3. Infected cells characteristically contain large acidophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Bollinger bodies), made out of elementary bodies called Borrel bodies.
4. At least four different viruses or strains virus causing pox among birds.
1. Borreliota avium - fowl pox virus .
2. Borreliota meleagridis - turkey pox virus, the strongest
virus in this group.
3. Boreliota fringillae - canary pox virus, weakest virus.
4. Borreliota columbae - pigeon pox virus.
d. History:
Because they produce obvious lesions, pox infections in both domestic and wild birds were among the earliest described avian diseases.

e. Susceptibility:
Most, if not all ,avain species are susceptible to one or more pox strains. Domestic chickens are highly susceptible to fowl pox, but the disease also affects turkeys, and to a less extent ducks, geese, pheasants, quail, canaries and hawks. Mammals are not susceptible to natural infection with avian pox virus.

f. Occurrence:
Fowl pox is prevalent where poultry is raised. The disease some-

times assumes an exceptional virulent form, affecting large numbers of fowls and causing serious losses. It is most prevalent during the fall and winter months, but may occur at any seasons of the year.

g. Transmission:
1. Pox virus is unable to penetrate unbroken skin, but small abrasions are sufficient to permit infection.
2. Culex pipiens and aedes aegypti are capable of transmitting the disease from infected chickens, as lesions developed from 5 to 10 days after the infected mosquito was allowed to feed on a susceptible chicken. The mosquitoes are considered to be mechanical carriers.
h. Symptoms:
1. Skin form (dry form) or cutaneous form.
l) Age: Any age, usually couple of weeks old.
2) Action: Subacute.
3) Season: Late summer during the mosquito season.
4) Characterized by the appearance of cutaneous eruptions or wart like nodules on the unfeathered parts of fowl, eg, comb wattle, eyelid, feet, cloacal aperture, and under the wings.
5) In young chicks, corner of mouth, nostril and eyelids. Removal of the pox scale (local epithelialhyperplasia). resulted in bleeding.
6) The cutaneous nodules may be very numerous or few in number and they do not necessarily erupt at the same time. At first, the nodules appear as small, whitish foci which rapidly increase in size and become yellowish in color as they develop.
7) In some instances closely adjoining lesions may coalesce, and the large developing lesions are rough, and gray or dark brown in color.
8) After about 2 weeks of development, the lesions may show area of inflammation at their base and become hemorrhagic. The lesion then undergoes a process of desiccation and scar formation which may last for another week or possible two weeks.
9) In uncomplicated cases the process ends with desquamation of the degenerated parts of the epithelial layer. If the desiccated scab is removed in the mean time, a moist seropurulent exudate is found underneath, covering a bleeding, granulating surface. When the scab drops off, a smooth scar may be present
10) The specific process is often modified by the invasion of bacteria which propagate in the degenerated epithelium and may reach the deeper layer of mucous membrane where they catlse supportive or necrotic processes with the formation of fibrinous deposits. tSpherophorus necrophorus)
2. Diptheritic (wet) form.
1. The type is not as common as the cutaneous form.
2. The eruptions on the mucous membranes are white, opaque, slightly elevated nodules.
3. These process rapidly increase in size, often coalescing to become a yellowish, cheesy, necrotic material with the appearance of a pseudomembrane.
4. Where these pseudomembranes are removed they leave bleeding erosions.
5. The invasion by contaminated bacterial aggravates the diphtheritic form of the disease. The inflammatory process may extend from the mouth region into the sinuses, particularly the intraobital sinuses, resulting in a tumorlike swelling, and may extend into the pharynx, resulting in respiratory disturbance.
i. Histopathology :
Avian-pox infections cause localized proliferation of epithelial cells. Affected cells become hyperplasic and hypertrophic. The increase rate of multiplication occurs in ten basal germinal layer of cells in the epithelium.

1. Hypertrophy and the appearance of large granular acidophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions appears as the cells mature in layers of the epithelium above the stratum germ;nation.
j. Diagnosis:
The presence of typical wart-like nodules on the comb, wattles and other unfeathered areas.

1. Yellowish, adherent, membranous or cheesy patches; in the mouth and throat
2. Differential diagnosis: Pox - bleeding when scab is removed , no odor.Coryza - watery eye, foul odor.
3. Histopathological examination, with demonstration of typical intracytoplasmic inclusions is usually for a diagnosis.
4. Isolation and propagation of virus on chrioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos. Incubated 12-day old embryos were incubated for 4 to 5 days and the chiorallantoic membranes were collected. Gross lesions ("pocks") were visible as early as 48 hours after inoculation.
K. Prevention:
1. Control the population of mosquitoes
2. Vaccination:
The chick embryo origin vaccine contains live, nonattenuated fowl pox virus capable of producing infection in a flock if used improperly.

l) Vaccination for broilers and replacement flocks. In problem areas birds may be vaccinated at one day of age. However, it is usually done at 1-2 months of age by the wing web stick method.
2) Vaccination for turkeys.
May be vaccinated by wing web stick method, but the virus may spread to and infect the head region. The site of choice for vaccination is midway on the thigh.. Turkeys are vaccinated when they are 2-3 months old.
3). Laying birds.
Pigeon pox virus vaccine is mild for chickens and
turkeys, thus it is used for vaccination of laying
hens, turkeys and future layers.
Lesions, "take", should be examined 7-10 days after vaccination. Welling of follicles and inoculation site and development of scabs are indications of "take". zen-twenty per cent of the birds should be examined, 90% of these birds should develop "take".

Type of vaccine used in relationship to duration of immunity.

Type Species Immunity
Pigeon Pox Pigeon Life
- Chicken 6 months
Fowl Pox Chicken if vaccinated Almost life
- - 10-12 wks
- Turkeys 6 months

l. Treatment:
1, No Satisfactory treatment.
2. Removal of lesions which interfere With eating and drinking may be helpful. The raw areas resulting from this treatment should be painted with tincture of iodine or With mercurochrome

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