Almost all of that looks like damage from the cockerel to me.
Yes, normally they won't molt until they are 16-18 months old, this is when most chickens go through an annual adult molt. Any feathers that are broken/rubbed off will not be replaced until then. If there is an intact feather shaft in the skin, you won't see new growth until probably fall.
Separating him out may help future feather loss, but the damage is done. They will be fine through winter. Summer...you could put on some sunscreen or use saddles. If you keep him with them, then saddles will add some protection. There is still wear even with saddles, you need to monitor fit/wear tear on the saddles, etc.
There are no hard and fast rules for the space require for large fowl. The general consensus is 10sqft. per chicken in a run and 4sqft. per chicken in a coop.
So...with 9 chickens, that's 90sqft for run and 45sqft for the coop. I will tell you more is best when we are talking about chickens. The more room you can give them the better. You have a cockerel in the mix and they can be a pain at times. Watch your ladies to see if they are eating/drinking well. They may enjoy have a few perches in the run so they can get up and out of the way of the cockerel. A lot depends on his temperament, breed, etc. but probably by fall he will have calmed down pretty well. Giving him a time out now and again/giving the girls a break from him during the day sometimes helps too. Pen him where he can see the girls. This is not a punishment! so don't treat him like he's done anything wrong. This is management. Give him his own food/water and a treat. Let him sleep with the girls.
