Oh, yes -- but you have to crack it, or incubate it.
If you crack an egg onto a dish and look closely, you will see a small white round spot on the yolk. If the spot is a solid circle, it is not. If it looks like a target, with a white outer ring and a white spot inside that, it is. Best done on a clear glass dish so you can see both sides of the yolk. Ignore any red spots or that small stringy white thing; these have nothing to do with fertility.
Or you can incubate (or leave under a broody) and candle after several days.
There are some good photos of a fertile egg yolk on this site somewhere, but they have changed the search engine, and now I can't find them.