1. The aquarium heater is a 25 watt submersible that I just drop in through the side hole in the bucket. Where it lands doesn't matter as long as it does not hinder the automatic toilet float valve.
2. The pond pump circulates between 8pm and 10am, then again between 3pm and 4pm.
3. I have a water supply line to the barn limiting the environmental exposure. The hose is buried just a few inches below the ground until it enters the back of the coop. The supply line freezing is my only concern but a small one since I can manually fill the bucket if the need arises. Running the pump dry is also a concern. There is usually close to 10" of water in the bucket. The pump will start running dry at 3". Only by my laziness and neglect will this happen.
The aquarium heater is a last resort since it is connected to the thermostatic outlet (Thermo Cube). The nipples do not freeze because of the water circulation during the coldest part of the night. I'm assuming the pond pump is adding some heat to the water.
I know some complain about the vertical nipples, but any water making it's way to the ground only does so when the chickens are making a mess of it. I have not observed any nipples leaking while not in use. The nipples are readily available at my
Tractor Supply store making convenience a key to my use of them.
This is not a first attempt at perfecting this system. It has been a work-in-progress with the pictures above being only the latest incarnation. Some experimenting (trial and error) may be necessary on your part to keep your system running. As for my watering system, I am now confident my chickens are getting fresh water no matter the season. My chick watering system in the barn is similar minus the aquarium heater. The use of heat lamps keeps the chick's water from freezing. I have two chick nipple systems (utilizing the same
Tractor Supply vertical nipples) running in series as supplied by one bucket. One runs to the brooder and the other to a small pen for the older chicks before re-entering the bucket.
As a side note, the pond/fountain pump is a 250 gal with 1/2" threads screwed directly into the bulkhead fitting (pump is upside-down). The supply line pressure is reduced to 25 psi by using an inline drip irrigation system pressure regulator. The supply line is also connected to a sprinkler timer that turns on for one minute every six hours to reduce water loss in the event the line bursts from a deep freeze.