Bloom-
http://www.suburbanchicken.org/eggs.htm
It is just generally accepted that eggs must be refridgerated at all times. Commercially produced eggs are laid under different circumstances. You don't know how long they have been since laid. They are washed and shipped. Therefore, it would be good to keep them refridgerated. Just a CYA rule of thumb, to protect those who buy and consume store eggs.
Fresh laid eggs - they are hopefully laid in a home "clean" environment. Just being exposed to your flock and your own environment. Depending on where your hens lay their eggs, they should be relatively fresh and clean. The hen applies a "bloom" as the last step in her egg laying process. A wild hen will be laying a clutch out in the wild, building it up to however many eggs she instinctively needs before she will go broody and sit.
Sometimes, a hen will lay an egg on the floor of the coop, or in the pen, or other places. It is still a fresh egg, and can be treated as such. If it has a cracked shell, the contents should be considered "contaminated"...and be fed back to the hens or other pets as a bonus protein. Cooking might be better, so as not to give the birds a preference to eat their own eggs. That will happen from time to time though.
Fertilized eggs are fine to eat. I treat all eggs as a healthy food source, and we consume them unless they are cracked. The only difference you'll see in a fertilized egg is a small white target shaped spot on the yolk. If you don't know what to look for, you wouldn't have any idea it is even fertile. The chick inside won't develop unless a hen sits on it for a certain amount of time. That is how she builds her clutch so they will all hatch with-in 3 days of each other.
Good flock management, fresh food and water, grass and sunshine, a safe place to roost at night...these will help you get towards a goal of healthy fresh laid eggs to eat and feed others.
It would be good to read up on flock bio-security also, as a home BYC keeper. I am new to all of this also, but one never learns everything there is to know. If something comes up with my flock, I will go online and research. Just keep asking questions!!! There is no such thing as a "stupid question"!!