If you google, there is hours and hours of reading on various breeding systems. I've tried to absorb as much of it as I can.
To help with just one aspect of your question, many GREAT lines, lines that have 30 years of notoriety and championships earned and 50 years of closed breeding, began with a simple trio, one cock bird and two hens. In the hands of an intelligent and experienced breeder, that may be all it takes, if those three birds are exemplary. Chicken genetics are not really like mammalian genetics. They are much more complex, it seems to me.
Further, good breeder keep a reserve rooster in his line handy. One never knows. Also, good breeders keep track of who else has their line, to whom have they may given them to breed. This provides a backup reserve, of the same line, kept safely elsewhere. Hope that helps. "Fresh blood" normally means getting a bird or two from someone else's breeding flock, but birds that are also of the very same line. "Fresh blood" doesn't mean getting a bird from outside of the line. Hope that helps.