Tail wiggles represent happiness or excitement, I’ve seen them do that when greeting or when they’re being nice and making up after a fight.
Stretching the neck out low is a warning. Doing it with the mouth open is them saying they mean business. When they’ve tipped their beak down and are pointing, no longer looking their target in the eye they’ve selected their point of attack and ass whooping is imminent. Wings out while doing all that means ass whooping is in progress.
There’s a variation to the neck stretch that can be too subtle to recognize at times, they’ll stretch their necks out while greeting and wiggling the tail but their beak will be tipped up just slightly. Sometimes they’ll turn sideways a little. They seem do this while greeting someone they’re not sure about, or after a fight, it’s like a “hello but I haven’t decided to trust you yet so look at me display my size, I could attack you but I’m not going to...yet.”
So a direct or downward pointed beak is aggression, a tipped up beak is asking for you to respect personal space. The difference with the beak angle is probably more obvious to them on their level, it’s harder to spot for us tall humans.
Sometimes they’ll shake or ruffle their wing feathers, it’s a display and an attempt to make themselves look larger and more intimidating.
Bowing or head bobbing is similar to the neck stretch and can turn into either of the other options, but generally bowing is sort of like a more polite hello. They do it a lot when greeting friendly flock members. Sometimes it will be a neck stretch with tail wiggles so it can be confusing.
Poking, they’ll scold members of the flock by poking them on the back of the head or neck or base of the neck, sometimes it will be a nip. They do it to subordinate members for getting in their way or to remind them who’s boss.
Happy squees, or that purr sound goslings make when they’re snuggling or just content turns into a quiet sound like “whoo, haaa, huuu, hrrrr, urrrr” when they’re adults. It means pretty much the same thing, sometimes they even do it while eating something extra yummy.
The loud honk they kinda do when they’re excited, like if they know you just came home or it’s time to go out and play in the morning and they’re thrilled.
They do a loud wailing honk if they’re separated from everyone and sad, calling out to their family.
They seem to make a low “heh heh heh” sound if they’ve seen something scary, like a snake, you’ll see them staring intently at whatever it is too.
They do a louder sound similar to the sound the raptor makes in Jurassic Park 3, the bark call at the beginning of the clip “they got that sound from an actual goose”
My geese tend to make that sound as an alert call to the flock, sometimes when they’ve seen something large and scary or they’re trying to get the flocks attention for whatever reason.
Burbles, chirping, chattering, you’ll know the sound when you hear it, it’s just average chatter. I don’t know really what it means but that they do it when all’s well. It’s like a conversation that we can’t understand.
Cackling, it’s a sound only females really do, it’s piercing. They tend to do it as an alert or war cry. It can drive even the friendliest well mannered gander into attacking whatever they’re cackling at.
This is based off of my observations of my own flock, how true for all geese it is is unknown to me, I’ve wondered if different flocks have their own “dialects” so it’s possible what my geese do isn’t what other geese do.
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