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I agree. The standard first defines the breed traits, and then it recognises certain varieties for that breed. If the bird meets the breed traits, it should be considered an ameraucana.
These traits include size, body type, tail angle and length, feathering (hard, soft, silkied, etc.), comb type and specifics, presence or absence of beard/muffs, tufts, extra toes, crest (and its shape), foot feathering, etc., skin colour. While it is not in the SOP, I do think that egg colour is a reasonable addition, particularly for breeds that are known for unique egg colours: araucana, ameraucana, welsumer, marans, etc. While in general I think that a single trait that is poorly held or absent should not determine that the bird is not the breed (for example a very good, well-known and respected silkie breeder recently had some white skinned birds pop up in her flockl), more than two or three traits that are absent certainly should.
Then we come to plumage variety: feather colour. While the APA & ABA recognise certain varieties for certain breeds, they more importantly provide a standard for all the various varieties. Yes, there is some differences between one breed and another as to the standard of a specific variety, but mostly there is similarity and consistency. The APA nor the ABA disqualify a bird as a breed based upon its plumage variety. They may disqualify it as not meeting the standard for its variety, and they may disqualify it for not meeting breed traits, but those are different things. AOV includes all varieties that are not recognised for a breed as well as varieties that are not standardized at all. The best an AOV bird can place at a sanctioned show is best of variety.
To gain recognition of a variety for a breed, there is a procedure that must be followed to show that the variety can be relaibly and predictably reproduced; that it is not a one-time fluke. The APA and ABA have slightly different rules; in most cases breeders who are seriously working on gaining recognition work to satisfy both sets of requirements simultaneously.
However in the initial stages of creating a new variety within a breed, it is often some fluke that showed up was appealing. This was the case with opal, chocolates (both choc and dun based), etc. Breeding over time to select and improve the variety can set the variety into the breed. In other cases someone imagines a new variety--perhaps by seeing a variety of a different breed and wanting it in their preferred breed, or perhaps by simply thinking--gee wouldn't a bird that is (for example) both mottled and penciled look neat?
Well said!