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Snow is GOOD for sore feeties! (Ice, not so much, but as long as the horse can stay off the lumpy pavement-like parts and on nice forgiving snow, it will work real well). The snow lets the foot sink in, kind of the same as walking on turf, and supports the whole foot.
I would not worry at all about bits breaking off the hoof -- that is what happens when you switch from shod to barefoot (it also happens to always-barefoot horses, as their feet grow out before a trim). No biggie (assuming he hasn't removed a GIANT HUGE MASSIVE chunk, which I gather he hasn't -- that's pretty rare, only happens when there was a big dead cavity there to begin with, and can be worked with if it does happen, is not a tragedy)
A bruise or abscess when going from shod to barefoot is, again, pretty common and not something to fuss about. (And is not a serious problem anyhow). The horse will be sore for a while (sometimes extremely sore) but then it gets better, sometimes quite suddenly if it was an abscess. No biggie, no lasting effects.
It doesn't really matter whether it's a bruise or an abscess, from a practical perspective. Either way, the treatement is generally try to keep him on soft clean ground (snow, again, is TERRIFIC), soak a few times a day or poultice, to try to draw any infection; and basically keep the horse hangin' in there til his body fixes it. Usually it's a matter of days to 2 wks, but can be months in some cases. Don't bother looking for a wound or anything, you quite probably won't see anything (tho if he has white soles you may, in a week or more, see a reddened spot if there is a sole bruise)
If you are not 100% certain what the deal is, and get along well with your vet or farrier, it might be good to have the vet or farrier out to make CERTAIN it's just an abscess or bruise, and not a unilateral return of laminitis (unlikely) or some other lameness problem. Statistically speaking though, I bet your farrier is right that's all it is.
Do you know how to soak a hoof? In hot water saturated with Epsom salts? I would not recommend poulticing unless you have considerable hoof/leg-wrapping experience.
When I have a horse with a fierce bruise or abscess that is interfering with his happiness to a considerable degree, I tend to give him a few grams of bute per day to take the edge off; I am not *suggesting* this as such (there are some potential disadvantages and of course bute is prescription), just mentioning it if you are that sort of person too.
Good luck, hang in there, he'll be fine,
Pat