Hi guys,
here is an article from the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa that you will find helpfull and interesting. Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute is one of the leading institutes in Africa when it come to research and vaccinations for all kinds of animals.
Albert
DEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURE
Respiratory diseases in chickens
M.S.K. Mashishi
What are respiratory diseases?
Respiratory diseases affect the sinuses (an area in the head between the eyes and the beak) as well as the windpipe and lungs
What are the causes?
Germs, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi
Housing problems such as poor ventilation resulting in ammonia build-up, draughts and excessive dust
What are the signs in live chickens?
Difficult breathing
Discharges from eyes and nostrils
Sneezing
Swollen sinuses
What are the signs in dead chickens?
The nasal passage and windpipe may be red on the inside or filled with mucous
How do you confirm the disease?
By a postmortem examination
By laboratory tests
What is the treatment?
There are drugs available for treating respiratory diseases. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, quinilones and penicillins can be added to the feed or water. Most of these can only be bought with a prescription from a veterinarian although tetracyclines can be bought over the counter
Prevention and control
Practise good biosecurity (measures to prevent diseases reaching the farm and causing production drop and/or mortalities)
Where possible vaccinate against diseases such as Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis
Improve housing management
Provide good quality feed
Respiratory diseases caused by viruses
Newcastle disease (NCD)
Infectious bronchitis (IB)
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)
Pox
Pneumovirus
These are viral diseases causing respiratory signs as well as other signs such as drop in egg production in layer chickens. Chickens can become sick when they come into contact with droppings of affected chickens or by breathing in infected droplets. The pox virus is spread by mosquito bites
Signs in live chickens
Discharge from the nostrils, difficult breathing, extended neck when breathing, sneezing, swollen sinuses and eye infection (conjunctivitis)
Signs in dead chickens
Red windpipe, mucous and plugs of pus in the windpipe and sinuses
Treatment
There is no treatment for viral diseases. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines can be used to treat secondary bacterial infections which can complicate the viral disease
Control and prevention
Control movement of chickens in and out of the farm or yard
Do not buy chickens from unreliable dealers. Buy day-old chicks that have been vaccinated against Newcastle disease
Vaccinate all your chickens according to a vaccination programme
Slaughter all chickens infected with NCD
Cut down all the grass around the place where chickens are housed to limit mosquitoes
Respiratory diseases caused by bacteria
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)
Mycoplasma gallisepticum contributes to the respiratory disease complex in chickens. Chicks born from infected hens are infected in the egg. Chickens can also get the disease through contact with infected chickens. MG affects all types of chickens
Signs in live chickens
Discharge from the eyes and nostrils
Signs in dead chickens
Airsacs are thickened, opaque and white with a yellowish white layer covering them
The outer surface of the liver and heart is covered with a whitish layer
Treatment
Give antibiotics such as tylosin in the feed or water
Prevention
Buy chickens that are free of MG
Practise strict management measures on your farm
Infectious coryza(IC)
This is a bacterial disease affecting layers, breeders and broilers. The chickens get sick after contact with the bacteria, for example, in drinking water or by breathing. It results in swollen sinuses and a drop in egg production
Signs in live chickens
Swollen face, difficult and fast breathing, discharge from the nose and eyes as well as green diarrhoea
Signs in dead chickens
Swollen sinuses and sometimes a watery jelly layer under the skin covering the head
Treatment
Give potentiated sulphonamides in the water or tetracyclines in the feed to treat secondary bacterial complications. Sulphonamide treatment may have to be repeated
Prevention
There is a vaccine available. It must be given twice and should preferably contain the C3 strain
Respiratory disease caused by fungi
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is an infection caused by fungi. Chicks are infected when they breathe in spores from the incubation machines at the hatchery and to a lesser extent from the environment, contaminated feed and litter. This infection is mostly seen in chickens kept in houses
Signs in live chickens
Difficulty breathing, fast breathing and open-mouth breathing
Signs in dead chickens
White areas in the lung
Treatment
None
Control
Buy chicks from reputable dealers
Avoid wet litter, mouldy and dusty feed
For further information consult your animal health technician, state or private veterinarian
or
Animal Health for Developing Farmers
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
Tel. (012) 529 9158
or
Resource Centre, Department of Agriculture
Tel. 319 7141/7085
2001
Compiled by Directorate Communication, Department of Agriculture
in cooperation with
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Printed and published by Department of Agriculture
and obtainable from Resource Centre, Directorate Communication
Private Bag X144, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
This publication is available on the web: www.nda.agric.za/publications
Information provided by
Animal Health for Developing Farmers
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
Tel. (012) 529 9158
here is an article from the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa that you will find helpfull and interesting. Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute is one of the leading institutes in Africa when it come to research and vaccinations for all kinds of animals.
Albert
DEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURE
Respiratory diseases in chickens
M.S.K. Mashishi
What are respiratory diseases?
Respiratory diseases affect the sinuses (an area in the head between the eyes and the beak) as well as the windpipe and lungs
What are the causes?
Germs, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi
Housing problems such as poor ventilation resulting in ammonia build-up, draughts and excessive dust
What are the signs in live chickens?
Difficult breathing
Discharges from eyes and nostrils
Sneezing
Swollen sinuses
What are the signs in dead chickens?
The nasal passage and windpipe may be red on the inside or filled with mucous
How do you confirm the disease?
By a postmortem examination
By laboratory tests
What is the treatment?
There are drugs available for treating respiratory diseases. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, quinilones and penicillins can be added to the feed or water. Most of these can only be bought with a prescription from a veterinarian although tetracyclines can be bought over the counter
Prevention and control
Practise good biosecurity (measures to prevent diseases reaching the farm and causing production drop and/or mortalities)
Where possible vaccinate against diseases such as Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis
Improve housing management
Provide good quality feed
Respiratory diseases caused by viruses
Newcastle disease (NCD)
Infectious bronchitis (IB)
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)
Pox
Pneumovirus
These are viral diseases causing respiratory signs as well as other signs such as drop in egg production in layer chickens. Chickens can become sick when they come into contact with droppings of affected chickens or by breathing in infected droplets. The pox virus is spread by mosquito bites
Signs in live chickens
Discharge from the nostrils, difficult breathing, extended neck when breathing, sneezing, swollen sinuses and eye infection (conjunctivitis)
Signs in dead chickens
Red windpipe, mucous and plugs of pus in the windpipe and sinuses
Treatment
There is no treatment for viral diseases. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines can be used to treat secondary bacterial infections which can complicate the viral disease
Control and prevention
Control movement of chickens in and out of the farm or yard
Do not buy chickens from unreliable dealers. Buy day-old chicks that have been vaccinated against Newcastle disease
Vaccinate all your chickens according to a vaccination programme
Slaughter all chickens infected with NCD
Cut down all the grass around the place where chickens are housed to limit mosquitoes
Respiratory diseases caused by bacteria
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)
Mycoplasma gallisepticum contributes to the respiratory disease complex in chickens. Chicks born from infected hens are infected in the egg. Chickens can also get the disease through contact with infected chickens. MG affects all types of chickens
Signs in live chickens
Discharge from the eyes and nostrils
Signs in dead chickens
Airsacs are thickened, opaque and white with a yellowish white layer covering them
The outer surface of the liver and heart is covered with a whitish layer
Treatment
Give antibiotics such as tylosin in the feed or water
Prevention
Buy chickens that are free of MG
Practise strict management measures on your farm
Infectious coryza(IC)
This is a bacterial disease affecting layers, breeders and broilers. The chickens get sick after contact with the bacteria, for example, in drinking water or by breathing. It results in swollen sinuses and a drop in egg production
Signs in live chickens
Swollen face, difficult and fast breathing, discharge from the nose and eyes as well as green diarrhoea
Signs in dead chickens
Swollen sinuses and sometimes a watery jelly layer under the skin covering the head
Treatment
Give potentiated sulphonamides in the water or tetracyclines in the feed to treat secondary bacterial complications. Sulphonamide treatment may have to be repeated
Prevention
There is a vaccine available. It must be given twice and should preferably contain the C3 strain
Respiratory disease caused by fungi
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is an infection caused by fungi. Chicks are infected when they breathe in spores from the incubation machines at the hatchery and to a lesser extent from the environment, contaminated feed and litter. This infection is mostly seen in chickens kept in houses
Signs in live chickens
Difficulty breathing, fast breathing and open-mouth breathing
Signs in dead chickens
White areas in the lung
Treatment
None
Control
Buy chicks from reputable dealers
Avoid wet litter, mouldy and dusty feed
For further information consult your animal health technician, state or private veterinarian
or
Animal Health for Developing Farmers
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
Tel. (012) 529 9158
or
Resource Centre, Department of Agriculture
Tel. 319 7141/7085
2001
Compiled by Directorate Communication, Department of Agriculture
in cooperation with
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Printed and published by Department of Agriculture
and obtainable from Resource Centre, Directorate Communication
Private Bag X144, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
This publication is available on the web: www.nda.agric.za/publications
Information provided by
Animal Health for Developing Farmers
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110
Tel. (012) 529 9158
