My understanding is all eggs except true blue get their color laid on top of the white shell.
For what happens as the egg is formed inside the hen, that mostly matches my understanding.
White eggs are just white.
Blue eggs are just blue (the whole shell is blue instead of white.)
Brown eggs are "white" with a coating of brown on the outside.
Green eggs are "blue" with a coating of brown on the outside.
The brown coating can be thicker or thinner, lighter or darker, slightly different shades (redder or yellowish or pinkish or whatever.)
I would call white the recessive trait since it's easily covered or hidden by any other color factor.
Not quite right. Recessive and dominant have to do with how the individual genes behave, not what color is physically over what other color as the egg is formed.
If a chicken has one gene for blue shell, and one gene for not-blue shell, then her eggs will be blue. Blue is dominant over white in that case.
If a chicken has one gene for brown on the shell, and one gene for no brown coating on the shell, she can show light brown (incompletely dominant: both effects show.)
For the sexlinked gene for white eggs, it blocks the brown that can otherwise be caused by other genes. That gene is on the Z sex chromosome, and a hen only has one Z sex chromosome (her other one is a W.) Since she only has one of that gene, either she has it (lays white eggs) or she does not have it (might lay brown eggs, might lay white eggs because of other genes.) A rooster has sex chromosomes ZZ, so he can have one white-egg gene and one not-white-egg gene. But since he does not lay eggs, we cannot tell which of those genes is actually dominant (which effect happens when a bird has both forms.)
Notice in the example above white is never the outcome of crossing to another color.
That example does not show white from any cross because they are ignoring the case of White Leghorn rooster to brown egg hen, that does produce daughters who lay white eggs.
Interesting.. it's often more complex than just what meets the eye (as in direction matters). It's been a really long time since I was breeding Marans.. but it was indicated back then by the research I did also that the sire had more influence over the shade of eggs laid by offspring than the dame did.
Yes, direction matters sometimes and not other times. Just to keep us confused
It is similar to how the direction matters in barred/not-barred crosses (one way makes sexlinks, the other makes all chicks have barring), but direction does not matter in crosses with mottled chickens. This is because barring is also on the Z sex chromosome, while mottling is not.