Your concept is about as simple as any. Look into the gambusia mosquito minnow, same as your guppie, just much hardier.I've been on a quest for a self cleaning pond for my 3 runners as well. After mo this of trial end error, I now have a pool that on day 10 still has clear water! I'm posting a picture of it. It's a 75 gallon kiddie pool and I want to upgrade to something larger. We have a solar powered pump from Amazon. The top tier waterfall is filled with lava rock and a few layers of filter foam stuff. The blue bucket is also filled with lava rocks and has water hyacinth anchored in it. The pool has guppies, a mesh bag with oxygen plant, and a whole bunch of water lettuce. I'm curious to see how long I can make this water last before it gets nasty! So far I'm very pleased with this natural filtration system.
Google 'natural swimming pools,' they're a big hit in different parts of the country at various times (AnnGlor has 1). If used for swimming and getting the water quality to swimming pool standards, one may spend 2-3x's what a chlorine pool would cost, same for maintenance. If for ducks and some minimal level of cleanliness works, then you can cut a lot of corners.
Take the koi pond concept, pump water thru a filter medium (sand, volcanic rock, ...) get algae eaters ghost shrimp, gambusia.., plant the aquatic lettuce and other plants in a zone to absorb the nitrogen, keep your water temp cool (well below 80f), and shade it. In spite of the near impossible challenge, I think coming up with natural methods (duck_daddy) to help is great.
Water flow is a must. Possibly if your house were at the top of a knoll, you ran water to duck pond/pool and then on to use in a lower garden.
Nature inevitably grows stuff (phytoplankton) in our duck pond/pools, their poo is an accelerant.
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