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Only New England and bits of the east coast. Where I grew up in PA, the place was founded and built up by Swiss and South Germans ("PA Dutch"). There was actually quite an extensive trading network and the US was once very densely populated by Native Americans--the various types of colonists actually re-built it after about 90% of the Native American population died of smallpox. If the Native Americans had been resistant to European germs, you'd be speaking Wampanoag now.
In other linguistic history, pre-Civil War through the late 1800s, black people and women actually spoke an entirely different dialect than white men. Wealthy white children were raised by black slaves (later, black domestic workers) and spoke the local Southern patois, which was a mix of French, Caribbean Creole, and some English. When they were old enough, they were sent to Northern "finishing schools" to learn to speak proper English for snobbery's sake as well as business purposes. Most of the South was founded and built up by African and Caribbean slaves, but we don't speak Haitian Creole or Kwa-Togo.
Trying to think of what was spoken by colonists in other parts of the US off the top of my head. Gaelic dialects in the Appalachians via the Scotch-Irish. Various Scandinavian languages in Minnesota. Chinese in California built most of the transcontinental railroad and were a big part of the 1849 gold rush--before which, much of the West was an inaccessible wasteland, too far away to bother with for mere farmland.