Here’s some ramblings of the subject of breed traits... sorry it’s so long
I don’t put a great deal of stock in breed descriptions for bees for a few reasons... but basically it’s often a lot like cattle breed descriptions...
If we go read the Belted Galloway description on that breed association website and then go talk to someone who has raised them... we’ll likely find most of them don’t live up to very much of the description, other than appearance... and this can be the case for bees too...
I have mutt bees that most often tend toward Italian in looks and behavior, but they are far from pure, and they vary from what you’d read Italians should be... particularly in habit... but I often just say they are Italians... unless they are dark then I often just say they are carniolans...but they’re really just a mix of any of the 2 or 3 (or maybe 4?) common breeds...
there is a beek a couple miles from me that has had buckfast bees in the past, and we have quite a few wild/feral hives around also, so who knows?
and sometimes they end up mixed bred...the queen I had here at the house last year and this spring produced both dark and light colored bees...
but even the queens sourced from commercial bee breeders are very often of a type, but not actually pure...

No one talks about this, but I think a lot of the replacement queens and package bees available in spring in the US are coming off west coast almonds where they build up and then get made into packages and such and sold across the rest of the country, but there is very little to no selective breeding going on
I have a hunch that a lot of the big package and replacement producers that offer Italian or carniolan... just call the light ones Italians and the dark ones carniolans
For the most part, the only guaranteed pure bred bees are artificially inseminated and cost big, big money...
so it’s often a good idea to take the breed description as general information and recognize that even if you buy a certain breed queen, she might not match the breed qualities exactly...
And of course that old saying that ‘all bee keeping is local’ always comes into play, and I remind myself that local often means ‘local to the particular hive’...
I’ve taken queen cells from the same hive and raised queens that were very different in terms of their hive’s productivity and behavior...
And some queens/hives are just simply weak producers of honey even though they are healthy hives... and even if they look to be the great honey producing Italians that the breed description describes they have other traits not related to appearance that give a different result
but like most things, it’s a trade off when it comes to traits... I had this image on my phone in my bee folder, that I think is a good summation of some of the trade offs we encounter in bees...
Not sure it means much to us hobby beeks that aren’t doing any serious trait fixing work, but I think the traits and trade offs are an interesting thing to think about
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