You just can’t hunt fox and coyote at night, with a rifle of any kind or hunt bear.
You would need to buy all the appropriate licenses and stamps though. Federal duck stamp, state waterfowl stamp, hip cert if duck hunting. For deer you would need either a regular firearm license or bow. I’m guessing you’ve never shot either right? Best bet would be to get a firearm license and decide if you want to hunt ducks, deer or small game. If deer you would need a shotgun deer permit in the zone you would want to hunt which would be down here by me cause I ain’t driving up there lol.
You’re also allowed to hunt the 6 day firearm season (bucks only) with just the firearms license. Here it’s 3 points on at least one side of the rack. So can’t be shooting “Missouri legal deer”