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I provide no artifical heat whatsoever to adult birds, I do however have the sense to do walk arounds and make sure there are no big drafts or excessive leaky area's, they will keep warm and toasty all by their lonesome. I do give my very young chicks heat if needed because they go outside at age 3 wks no exceptions and in the winter months like now when I will have chicks outside in December they get a little heat lamp action for a short time, and I never lose birds to the elements. This is not cruel, it helps them develop their senses and survive better, and not be spoiled to the point where they couldn't take care of themselfs if they tried because someone isn't around to think they need something they don't and only harm them by bringing them indoors. This is just basic common sense, provide for them so they can provide for themselfs, not provide so much that they don't know how to survive. This in the end will make them much stronger than you can imagine and healthier too.
I like to use rubber water bowls in winter, if the water freezes take it out turn it upside down stomp it once or twice till the ice falls free and refill. The birds will learn to drink their fill soon and quickly before it refreezes in a few hours. No need for heated this or that, how do you think wild birds of their size find water in the harshest of weather, they have learned.............. they know what's the best way to find water and here's a secret, it's never heated LOL.