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I'm certainly no scientist, but here's my guess (and it's just a guess!). Humans have bred out the "laying season" on domestic chickens in order to get "EGGs, EGGs, EGGs" all the time and for meat, too. With all that laying, our hens have the biological potential to be rearing chicks nearly all the time. And when she's raising them, her chicks need a FULLY FEATHERED mom to keep them warm. My guess is that, once summer closes out, their bodies finally get a chance to slow down egg production naturally and they get the needed rest to be able to molt, to produce a new set of perfect feathers for the winter's cold.
It seems to be a trade-off in order to get the eggs that humans so desire! If we let our chickens return to their wild state, my guess is they would be like the wild birds you described. Their eggs & bodies would be a lot smaller and "flightier". They'd have a small laying season, raise chicks, then molt, etc.
Just a hunch.