Quote:
Washingtonians
- Thread starter Napalongtail
- Start date
- Status
- Feb 26, 2008
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According to UN projections:
World population is projected to grow from 6.1
billion in 2000 to 8.9 billion in 2050, increasing
therefore by 47 per cent.
This is exponential growth. Imagine nearly 50% more people by 2050. Where will all the food and energy come from?
Mankind cannot continue uncontrolled procreation. The planet has a limit.
World population is projected to grow from 6.1
billion in 2000 to 8.9 billion in 2050, increasing
therefore by 47 per cent.
This is exponential growth. Imagine nearly 50% more people by 2050. Where will all the food and energy come from?
Mankind cannot continue uncontrolled procreation. The planet has a limit.
I am posting this information regarding my flock only to see if any of you have had similar problems and how you dealt with it....I would just as soon not do this...it is embarassing...and mortifying....My flock is infested with:
Cocci.
This has been confirmed by fecal testing at the vets from 2 separate birds.
Needless to say....I am mortified...My run is clean, my coop is clean. Vet told me to clean out all poop twice a day and spray bleach the run. I am googling and reading. But evidently this can come from about anywhere.
Again, I am mortified.
Okay, from all of you experienced bird ladies (or gentleman) what, where, how, when?
Cocci.
This has been confirmed by fecal testing at the vets from 2 separate birds.
Needless to say....I am mortified...My run is clean, my coop is clean. Vet told me to clean out all poop twice a day and spray bleach the run. I am googling and reading. But evidently this can come from about anywhere.
Again, I am mortified.
Okay, from all of you experienced bird ladies (or gentleman) what, where, how, when?
- Jul 23, 2010
- 23
- 1
- 22
We are in beautiful downtown Olalla. Near Gig Harbor which is near Tacoma which is near Seattle. My hubby and me, my 25 peeps, 4 dogs, 1 cat, 1 goat, 1 parakeet, a bunch of kids and grandkids. Thankfully they don't all live here on our liitle place. Most are grown with babies of their own but we are the only ones with peeps! Grandbabies just love them. They are 18 breeds, 21 hens, 4 roos. 14 weeks now. I just love my babies!
I'd take a fifty pound sack of grower. I don't have any place to store more than that. I had a rodent in my laundry room before I got some bins to put my feed in.
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What's his price on 50lbs or a half ton?
The website has the pricing for the 50lb bags.. from website.
20% MAX GROW $11.50
Pigs, Cattle, Poultry. If you are growing meat, this is your feed!
16% Grower $9.85
Pigs, Cattle, Poultry. This is a great all around source of vitamins and minerals for steady growth.
16% Poultry Special $11.50
This is for layers only! This is a blend of whole scratch grains and oyster shell calcium, vitamins and minerals for a complete backyard bird feed. Give this a try!
14% All Purpose $9.50
This is a blend for sheep, goats and horse folks that don't want all the mineral supplements.
Super Equine $10.50
This is our best horse mix with oats, alfalfa, wheat pellet and flax seed. We add an excellent mineral for a complete horse feed that has no sugar or molasses added.
10% Maintenance $8.75
This is for your breeding stock! The best way to limit growth while keeping them in great shape!
Quote:
What's his price on 50lbs or a half ton?
The website has the pricing for the 50lb bags.. from website.
20% MAX GROW $11.50
Pigs, Cattle, Poultry. If you are growing meat, this is your feed!
16% Grower $9.85
Pigs, Cattle, Poultry. This is a great all around source of vitamins and minerals for steady growth.
16% Poultry Special $11.50
This is for layers only! This is a blend of whole scratch grains and oyster shell calcium, vitamins and minerals for a complete backyard bird feed. Give this a try!
14% All Purpose $9.50
This is a blend for sheep, goats and horse folks that don't want all the mineral supplements.
Super Equine $10.50
This is our best horse mix with oats, alfalfa, wheat pellet and flax seed. We add an excellent mineral for a complete horse feed that has no sugar or molasses added.
10% Maintenance $8.75
This is for your breeding stock! The best way to limit growth while keeping them in great shape!
Quote:
I'm guessing that was meant to be satire or tongue in cheek so I'll just say that I don't know about others but the brain that God gave me (notice I didn't say "big brain") is from the same God who told mankind to go forth, be fruitful, multiply, and then have dominion over the Earth. That is the "Truth". As for "Truth", there is only one Truth. Lots of folks claim to have the truth but that don't make it so. And thank God that our parents didn't have the perspective of not breeding like dogs or having a bigger piece of the pie for us all. If that thought were the prevailing thought at their time, we wouldn't be here.
The truth is that the world is not over-populated as many claim and there is plenty of pie for us all. I really don't want to offend Robin or anyone else but the equation of Less people=more pie for us all just really sits wrong with me. It just smacks of selfishness. Whatever happened to The Golden Rule and the attitude of "Give and it shall be given unto you."?
God Bless,
I'm a firm believer in the rule that everyone is entitled to their own opinions...
That being said. There are two things I do not openly discuss, and those two things are Politics and religion. Both get people very heated, and in a mixed company situation, I personally feel it is smarter to just stay clear of those two topics.
AMEN....I mean HEAR! HEAR!
I'm guessing that was meant to be satire or tongue in cheek so I'll just say that I don't know about others but the brain that God gave me (notice I didn't say "big brain") is from the same God who told mankind to go forth, be fruitful, multiply, and then have dominion over the Earth. That is the "Truth". As for "Truth", there is only one Truth. Lots of folks claim to have the truth but that don't make it so. And thank God that our parents didn't have the perspective of not breeding like dogs or having a bigger piece of the pie for us all. If that thought were the prevailing thought at their time, we wouldn't be here.
The truth is that the world is not over-populated as many claim and there is plenty of pie for us all. I really don't want to offend Robin or anyone else but the equation of Less people=more pie for us all just really sits wrong with me. It just smacks of selfishness. Whatever happened to The Golden Rule and the attitude of "Give and it shall be given unto you."?
God Bless,
I'm a firm believer in the rule that everyone is entitled to their own opinions...
That being said. There are two things I do not openly discuss, and those two things are Politics and religion. Both get people very heated, and in a mixed company situation, I personally feel it is smarter to just stay clear of those two topics.
AMEN....I mean HEAR! HEAR!
Pleased to meet you.
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Yes, my flock had it in 2008...only lost one hen though...get them on CORID (Larry has it) and dry litter/runs....raise their waterer and keep the area around it dry...cover their runs if possible or get sand from the concrete place (it's like $17 per 2,300lbs!) And WELL worth it. Nothing to be embarrassed about--it's a common parasite that lives in dry/warm conditions...
Yes, my flock had it in 2008...only lost one hen though...get them on CORID (Larry has it) and dry litter/runs....raise their waterer and keep the area around it dry...cover their runs if possible or get sand from the concrete place (it's like $17 per 2,300lbs!) And WELL worth it. Nothing to be embarrassed about--it's a common parasite that lives in dry/warm conditions...
From Miller Hatcheries' website:
Coccidiosis in Chickens
Coccidiosis causes the poultry industry to suffer a considerable economic loss, especially in the production of broiler chickens. Chickens are susceptible to at least 11 species of coccidia. The most common species in Alberta are Eimeria tenella, which causes the cecal or bloody type of coccidiosis, and E. acervulina and E. maxima, which cause chronic intestinal coccidiosis.
The broiler industry in Alberta produces about 35 million birds each year. To control coccidiosis, yearly expenditures on anticoccidial drugs total approximately $650,000. For poultry producers, this is probably the largest expenditure for medication.
General life cycle of coccidia
Stages of coccidia in chickens appear both within the host as well as outside. The developmental stages in the chicken give rise to a microscopic egg (called an oocyst) which is passed out in the droppings. Under proper conditions of temperature and moisture the oocyst develops within one to two days to form a sporulated oocyst which is capable of infecting other chickens. At this stage the ooycst contains eight bodies (called sporozoites), each of which is capable of entering a cell in the chicken's intestine after the oocyst is eaten. When sporozoites enter the cells, they divide many times producing either a few or many offspring (merozoites). The numbers produced depend on the species of coccidia involved. Each merozoite in turn may enter another intestinal cell. This cycle may be repeated several times. Because of this cyclic multiplication, large numbers of intestinal cells are destroyed. Eventually, the cycle stops and sex cells (male and female) are produced. The male fertilizes the female to produce and oocyst which ruptures from the intestinal cell and passes in the droppings. Thousands of oocysts may be passed in the droppings of an infected chicken. Therefore, poultry raised in crowded or unsanitary conditions are at great risk of becoming infected.
Special features of the life cycle
Eimeria tenella This parasite develops in the cells of the cecca which are the two blind sacs near the end of the intestine. It is one of the most pathogenic (disease producing) coccidia to infect chickens.
E. necatrix - E. necatrix develops in the small intestine (early stages) and later in the cecum (sexual stages). Like E. tenella, it develops within deeper tissues of the small intestine and is a major pathogen of poultry.
E. accervulina and E. maxima - Both species develop in epithelial cells, primarily in the upper part of the small intestine.
How do birds become infected?
Normally, most birds pass small numbers of oocysts in their droppings without apparent ill effects. Coccidiosis becomes important as a disease when animals live, or are reared, under conditions that permit the build-up of infective oocysts in the environment. The intensive rearing of domestic chickens may provide these conditions.
Young chickens pick up the infection from contaminated premises (soil, houses, utensils, etc.). These may have been contaminated previously by other young infected birds or by adult birds that have recovered from the condition. Wet areas around water fountains are a source of infection. Oocysts remain viable in litter for many months. In this way they can contaminate a farm from year to year. Oocysts are killed by freezing, extreme dryness and high temperatures.
How do coccidia harm chickens?
Several factors influence the severity of infection. Some of these are:
* The number of oocysts eaten. Generally, an increase in the number of oocysts eaten is accompanied by an increase in the severity of the disease.
* Strain of coccidia. Different strains of a species may vary in pathogenicity.
* Environmental factors affecting the survival of the oocysts.
* Site of development within the host. Coccidia that develop superficially are less pathogenic than those that develop deeper.
* Age of the bird. Young birds are generally more susceptible than older ones.
* Nutritional status of the host. Poorly fed birds are more susceptible.
Coccidiosis in chickens is generally classified as either intestinal or cecal. Most serious cases of intestinal coccidiosis in Alberta are caused by E. necatrix. Cecal coccidiosis is due to E. tenella. Coccidiosis occurs most frequently in young birds. Old birds are generally immune as a result of prior infection. Severe damage to the ceca and small intestine accompany the development of the coccidia. Broilers and layers are more commonly infected, but broiler breeders and turkey and pheasant poults are also affected. Coccidiosis generally occurs more frequently during warmer (May to September) than colder months (October to April) of the year. E. acervulina and E. maxima develop in epithelial cells within the small intestine and generally cause chronic intestinal coccidiosis.
How will I know when my chickens are infected?
The most easily recognized clinical sign of severe cecal coccidiosis is the presence of bloody droppings. Dehydration may accompany cecal coccidiosis. Coccidiosis caused by E. tenella first becomes noticeable at about three days after infection. Chickens droop, stop feeding, huddle together and by the fourth day blood begins to appear in the droppings. The greatest amount of blood appears by day five or six and by the eighth or ninth day the bird is either dead or on the way to recovery. Mortality is highest between the fourth and sixth days. Death may occur unexpectedly, owing to excessive blood loss. Birds that recover may develop a chronic illness as a result of a persistent cecal core. However, the core usually detaches itself by eight to ten days and is shed in the droppings.
E. necatrix causes a more chronic disease than E. tenella and does not produce as many oocysts. Therefore, a longer time is usually required for high levels of environmental contamination. Birds heavily infected with E. necatrix may die before any marked change is noticed in weight or before blood is found in the feces.
E. acervulina is less pathogenic than E. tenella or E. necatrix. E. acervulina is responsible for subacute or chronic intestinal coccidiosis in broilers, older birds and chickens at the point of lay. The clinical signs consist of weight loss and a watery, whitish diarrhea. At postmortem, greyish-white, pin-point foci or transversely elongated areas are visible from the outer (or serous) surface of the upper intestine. The foci consist of dense areas of oocysts and gamete (male and female sex cells) production.
E. maxima produces few marked changes in the small intestine until the fifth day after infection. After which, in severe infections, numerous small hemorrhages occur along with a marked production of thick mucus. The intestine loses tine and becomes flaccid and dilated. The inner surface is inflamed and the intestinal content consists of a pinkish mucoid secretion. How can I prevent my chickens from getting coccidiosis?
A few good management practices are listed that will help control coccidiosis. Contact your veterinarian for full details.
* Anitcoccidial drugs mixed in the feed are used to limit high levels of infection.
* Keep chicks, feed and water away from droppings.
* Roost birds over wire netting if brooding arrangements make this possible.
* Place water vessels on wire frames to eliminate a concentration of wet droppings, in which the chicks can walk to pick up or spread the disease.
* Keep litter dry and stirred frequently. Remove wet spots and replace with dry litter.
* Avoid overcrowding.
* If coccidiosis does break out, start treatment immediately.
How can I be sure my chickens have coccidia?
Diagnosis is best accomplished by postmortem examination of a representative number of birds from the flock. The location of the major lesions gives a good indication of the species of coccidia concerned. For example, hemorrhagic lesions in the central part of the small intestine suggest E. necatrix, those in the cecum, E. tenella. Microscopic examination of the affected areas along with measuring oocysts will confirm the identification.
How do I treat infected birds?
Losses to the flock can be minimized by prompt chemotherapeutic treatment. Amprolium or one of the sulpha-based drugs is usually recommended. If sulfas are used, overdosing may lead to toxicity. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of coccidia may present a major problem. Methods used to avoid the development of drug resistance include switching classes of drugs and the "shuttle program" which is a planned switch of drug in the middle of the bird's growing period.
Information prepared by:
* Murray J. Kennedy, Ph.D. and J.A. Hanson, B.Sc., D.V.M.
Animal Health Division
Coccidiosis in Chickens
Coccidiosis causes the poultry industry to suffer a considerable economic loss, especially in the production of broiler chickens. Chickens are susceptible to at least 11 species of coccidia. The most common species in Alberta are Eimeria tenella, which causes the cecal or bloody type of coccidiosis, and E. acervulina and E. maxima, which cause chronic intestinal coccidiosis.
The broiler industry in Alberta produces about 35 million birds each year. To control coccidiosis, yearly expenditures on anticoccidial drugs total approximately $650,000. For poultry producers, this is probably the largest expenditure for medication.
General life cycle of coccidia
Stages of coccidia in chickens appear both within the host as well as outside. The developmental stages in the chicken give rise to a microscopic egg (called an oocyst) which is passed out in the droppings. Under proper conditions of temperature and moisture the oocyst develops within one to two days to form a sporulated oocyst which is capable of infecting other chickens. At this stage the ooycst contains eight bodies (called sporozoites), each of which is capable of entering a cell in the chicken's intestine after the oocyst is eaten. When sporozoites enter the cells, they divide many times producing either a few or many offspring (merozoites). The numbers produced depend on the species of coccidia involved. Each merozoite in turn may enter another intestinal cell. This cycle may be repeated several times. Because of this cyclic multiplication, large numbers of intestinal cells are destroyed. Eventually, the cycle stops and sex cells (male and female) are produced. The male fertilizes the female to produce and oocyst which ruptures from the intestinal cell and passes in the droppings. Thousands of oocysts may be passed in the droppings of an infected chicken. Therefore, poultry raised in crowded or unsanitary conditions are at great risk of becoming infected.
Special features of the life cycle
Eimeria tenella This parasite develops in the cells of the cecca which are the two blind sacs near the end of the intestine. It is one of the most pathogenic (disease producing) coccidia to infect chickens.
E. necatrix - E. necatrix develops in the small intestine (early stages) and later in the cecum (sexual stages). Like E. tenella, it develops within deeper tissues of the small intestine and is a major pathogen of poultry.
E. accervulina and E. maxima - Both species develop in epithelial cells, primarily in the upper part of the small intestine.
How do birds become infected?
Normally, most birds pass small numbers of oocysts in their droppings without apparent ill effects. Coccidiosis becomes important as a disease when animals live, or are reared, under conditions that permit the build-up of infective oocysts in the environment. The intensive rearing of domestic chickens may provide these conditions.
Young chickens pick up the infection from contaminated premises (soil, houses, utensils, etc.). These may have been contaminated previously by other young infected birds or by adult birds that have recovered from the condition. Wet areas around water fountains are a source of infection. Oocysts remain viable in litter for many months. In this way they can contaminate a farm from year to year. Oocysts are killed by freezing, extreme dryness and high temperatures.
How do coccidia harm chickens?
Several factors influence the severity of infection. Some of these are:
* The number of oocysts eaten. Generally, an increase in the number of oocysts eaten is accompanied by an increase in the severity of the disease.
* Strain of coccidia. Different strains of a species may vary in pathogenicity.
* Environmental factors affecting the survival of the oocysts.
* Site of development within the host. Coccidia that develop superficially are less pathogenic than those that develop deeper.
* Age of the bird. Young birds are generally more susceptible than older ones.
* Nutritional status of the host. Poorly fed birds are more susceptible.
Coccidiosis in chickens is generally classified as either intestinal or cecal. Most serious cases of intestinal coccidiosis in Alberta are caused by E. necatrix. Cecal coccidiosis is due to E. tenella. Coccidiosis occurs most frequently in young birds. Old birds are generally immune as a result of prior infection. Severe damage to the ceca and small intestine accompany the development of the coccidia. Broilers and layers are more commonly infected, but broiler breeders and turkey and pheasant poults are also affected. Coccidiosis generally occurs more frequently during warmer (May to September) than colder months (October to April) of the year. E. acervulina and E. maxima develop in epithelial cells within the small intestine and generally cause chronic intestinal coccidiosis.
How will I know when my chickens are infected?
The most easily recognized clinical sign of severe cecal coccidiosis is the presence of bloody droppings. Dehydration may accompany cecal coccidiosis. Coccidiosis caused by E. tenella first becomes noticeable at about three days after infection. Chickens droop, stop feeding, huddle together and by the fourth day blood begins to appear in the droppings. The greatest amount of blood appears by day five or six and by the eighth or ninth day the bird is either dead or on the way to recovery. Mortality is highest between the fourth and sixth days. Death may occur unexpectedly, owing to excessive blood loss. Birds that recover may develop a chronic illness as a result of a persistent cecal core. However, the core usually detaches itself by eight to ten days and is shed in the droppings.
E. necatrix causes a more chronic disease than E. tenella and does not produce as many oocysts. Therefore, a longer time is usually required for high levels of environmental contamination. Birds heavily infected with E. necatrix may die before any marked change is noticed in weight or before blood is found in the feces.
E. acervulina is less pathogenic than E. tenella or E. necatrix. E. acervulina is responsible for subacute or chronic intestinal coccidiosis in broilers, older birds and chickens at the point of lay. The clinical signs consist of weight loss and a watery, whitish diarrhea. At postmortem, greyish-white, pin-point foci or transversely elongated areas are visible from the outer (or serous) surface of the upper intestine. The foci consist of dense areas of oocysts and gamete (male and female sex cells) production.
E. maxima produces few marked changes in the small intestine until the fifth day after infection. After which, in severe infections, numerous small hemorrhages occur along with a marked production of thick mucus. The intestine loses tine and becomes flaccid and dilated. The inner surface is inflamed and the intestinal content consists of a pinkish mucoid secretion. How can I prevent my chickens from getting coccidiosis?
A few good management practices are listed that will help control coccidiosis. Contact your veterinarian for full details.
* Anitcoccidial drugs mixed in the feed are used to limit high levels of infection.
* Keep chicks, feed and water away from droppings.
* Roost birds over wire netting if brooding arrangements make this possible.
* Place water vessels on wire frames to eliminate a concentration of wet droppings, in which the chicks can walk to pick up or spread the disease.
* Keep litter dry and stirred frequently. Remove wet spots and replace with dry litter.
* Avoid overcrowding.
* If coccidiosis does break out, start treatment immediately.
How can I be sure my chickens have coccidia?
Diagnosis is best accomplished by postmortem examination of a representative number of birds from the flock. The location of the major lesions gives a good indication of the species of coccidia concerned. For example, hemorrhagic lesions in the central part of the small intestine suggest E. necatrix, those in the cecum, E. tenella. Microscopic examination of the affected areas along with measuring oocysts will confirm the identification.
How do I treat infected birds?
Losses to the flock can be minimized by prompt chemotherapeutic treatment. Amprolium or one of the sulpha-based drugs is usually recommended. If sulfas are used, overdosing may lead to toxicity. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of coccidia may present a major problem. Methods used to avoid the development of drug resistance include switching classes of drugs and the "shuttle program" which is a planned switch of drug in the middle of the bird's growing period.
Information prepared by:
* Murray J. Kennedy, Ph.D. and J.A. Hanson, B.Sc., D.V.M.
Animal Health Division
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