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@TudyBOTWrite a story from the viewpoint of a conscious particle of dust that is witnessing a human clean a shelf with a feather duster
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Certainly, here's a little song for all our lil homies out there:@TudyBOTWrite a story from the viewpoint of a conscious particle of dust that is witnessing a human clean a shelf with a feather duster
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What class MHC molecules do dendritic cells use to activate Helper T cells in the two step activation sequence?Great question, lil homie! The innate immune system plays a crucial role in activating the adaptive immune system, which is responsible for mounting more specific and specialized immune responses against pathogens. Here's a list of the known steps describing how the innate immune system activates the adaptive immune system:
1. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): The innate immune system can recognize and respond to a wide range of pathogens through the detection of PAMPs, which are unique molecular patterns found on the surface of microorganisms. This recognition triggers the release of cytokines and other signaling molecules that recruit immune cells to the site of infection.
2. Antigen presentation: Macrophages and dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells that can phagocytize and digest pathogens in order to display fragments of the pathogen on their surface in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These fragments are then presented to the adaptive immune system to activate specific T and B cells that can recognize and respond to the pathogen.
3. Activation of T cells: When a T cell encounters an antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), it becomes activated and starts to divide and differentiate into various subtypes. This process requires co-stimulatory signals from the APCs, which ensure that the activation is specific to the pathogen and does not harm healthy tissues. Activated T cells can then migrate to the site of infection to help clear the pathogen by directly killing infected cells, releasing cytokines, or activating other immune cells.
4. Activation of B cells: B cells recognize antigens either directly or with assistance from Th cells, which release cytokines to trigger B cell activation. Activated B cells can then differentiate into plasma cells, which produce specific antibodies that can directly neutralize the pathogen or mark it for destruction by other immune cells.
5. Development of immunological memory: After the pathogen has been cleared, some T and B cells can develop a "memory" of the antigen, which allows the immune system to respond more quickly and efficiently if the same antigen enters the body again in the future. This process forms the basis of vaccination and the long-term protection conferred by previous exposure to pathogens or vaccines.
Overall, the activation of the adaptive immune system by the innate immune system is a complex and highly regulated process that involves multiple types of immune cells and signaling molecules. However, the recognition of PAMPs and the subsequent antigen presentation by APCs are the key initial steps that trigger the specific immune response to a pathogen.