I didn't see anything in the article that said the guy went to jail, just that he was arrested. A ride down to the station, where you get fingerprinted, photographed, and the paperwork written up doesn't necessarily mean you ever see the inside of a jail cell. I'm sure the whole process is pretty high on the humiliation scale, though.
The legal system is a bit more complicated than a lot of law-abiding folks realize. It's quite possible that a judge may give the guy a lecture and dismiss the charges, or the thing never even gets to court at all.
I don't know how the law is written in Florida, but in NC, I'd be totally within my rights to kill a nuisance predator like a raccoon, whether or not I caught it actually killing chickens. Animal Control would tell me, with increasing irritability, that they don't deal with wild animals. If I had a raccoon in a trap, I would either have to kill it myself or call a wildlife removal service (who would also have to kill it, since it is illegal to relocate raccoons). I don't know what method they would use, but to the raccoon, the only real difference would be the length of time it spent in the trap (and having seen a couple of them bloody to the shoulders from trying to get out, I think I can safely say being in the trap is highly stressful for them).