# | Bedding | Overall Rating | Pros | Cons | Sources
(see text for more) |
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1 | Medium sand | Excellent | Dry, low pathogen levels, low insect levels | Heavy, not good for composting, may be dusty |
Garcês et al., 2013; Bilgili et al., 2009; Hafeez et al., 2009 |
2 | Chopped straw | Mediocre-good | High absorption, some has low dust | Poor water release, harbors pathogens | Ward et al., 2000; Yarnell et al., 2016; Shepherd et al., 2017 |
3 | Hemp | Uncertain, preliminary studies are mixed | Low mold levels, absorbent | May harbor bacteria | Fleming et al., 2008; Garlipp et al., 2010; Yarnell et al., 2016 |
4 | Play sand | Poor | Low pathogen levels, low insect levels | May cause silicate pneumoconiosis, cancer | Brambilla et al., 1979; Evans et al., 1988; Roperto et al., 2000 |
5 | Hay | Poor | High absorption | Poor water release; harbors pathogens | Olenchock et al., 1990; Wolf et al., 2005; Wichert et al., 2008 |
6 | Pine shavings | Poor | Absorbent, compost well, insulate well, lightweight | Pine extractives are highly toxic | Vesell, 1967; Ayars et al., 1989; Törrönen et al., 1989 |
7 | Cedar shavings | Poor | Absorbent, compost well, insulate well, lightweight | Cedar extractives are highly toxic | Sabine et al., 1973; Burkhart and Robinson, 1978; Ayars et al., 1989 |
8 | Aspen shavings | Poor-mediocre | Absorbent, compost well, insulate well, lightweight | Aspen extractives are mildly-moderately toxic | Törrönen et al., 1989; Pelkonen and Hänninen, 1997, Burn et al., 2006 |
9 | Hardwood shavings | Poor-mediocre | Absorbent, compost well, insulate well, lightweight | Hardwood extractives are mildly-moderately toxic, high in molds and endotoxins | Törrönen et al., 1989; Pelkonen and Hänninen, 1997; Whiteside et al., 2010 |
10 | Sawdust | Poor | Absorbent, compost well, insulate well, lightweight | Incredibly dusty, which exposes chickens to more toxins than shavings | Vesell, 1967; Ayars et al., 1989; Törrönen et al., 1989 |
11 | Wood chips (mulch) | Poor-mediocre | Absorbent, low dust | High moisture, high mold levels | Brake et al., 1992; Grimes et al., 2002; Ritz et al., 2005 |
12 | Tree bark (mulch) | Poor-mediocre | Absorbent, low dust | Caking, splinters, high mold levels | Thornberry et al., 1970; Labosky et al., 1977; Grimes et al., 2002 |
13 | Peat moss | poor | Absorbent, low pH may initially inhibit ammonia-producing bacteria | High amount of dust causes respiratory illnesses, high levels of bacteria and mold | Airaksinen et al., 2005; Kaukonen et al., 2017; Shepherd et al., 2017 |
14 | Rice hulls | Poor | Good moisture release | Poor absorbency, high mold levels, chickens don’t like it | Grimes et al., 2002; Carbone et al., 2016; Shepherd et al., 2017 |
15 | Peanut hulls | Poor | Good moisture release | Poor absorbency, high mold levels, high ammonia | Grimes et al., 2002; Ritz et al., 2005; Shepherd et al., 2017 |
16 | Corncobs | Poor | Absorbent | High mold levels, high bacteria levels, high endotoxin levels | Snyder et al., 1958; Grimes et al., 2002; Whiteside et al., 2010 |
17 | Grass clippings | Poor | Initially pleasant for chickens | Poor absorbency, high mold levels, high bacteria levels | No studies done |
18 | Leaves | Poor-mediocre | Lightweight | Possibly high mold and bacteria levels | Willis et al., 1997 |
19 | Pine needles | Poor | Lightweight | Cakes over very badly | Grimes et al., 2002; Sharma et al., 2015 |
20 | Paper products | Poor-mediocre | Lightweight, fewer endotoxins and bacteria than wood shavings | High moisture retention, high levels of mold, high ammonia release, flammable | Malone et al., 1982; Tanner et al., 1998; Grimes et al., 2002 |
21 | Gravel or rocks | Poor-mediocre | Low pathogen levels, low insect activity | Nearly impossible to clean, may have sharp edges that injure chicken feet | Schmidtmann, 1991 |