If you try to spend time with your flock, after a while you will learn what behaviors mean by taking them in context.
For example, I have a very young hen, just began to lay, and she happens to adore being held and cuddled. She's also very assertive about letting me know when she wants to be picked up. She comes up behind me and gives me a peck on the back of the leg or she "paws" me with her foot.
She isn't trying to show dominance. She's telling me in the only way she can that she wants to be loved because chickens communicate with their beaks, mostly.
Another hen might see me and give me a swift peck if I come too near to her. I have learned that this isn't a sign she wants to be handled because I've learned that she hates to be touched. So, a peck from this hen means something entirely different.
We humans get pretty good at reading the "body language" of people we associate with. It's the same with our chickens. They have body language, too, and it's not difficult to read it if we take the time.
Well said Carol.

