Unfortunately beekeeping is more complicated now than in the days of our grandparents thanks to new challenges like mites, pesticides, poor queen fertility due to genetics and husbandry practices, etc. We've spoken with countless old timers who stopped keeping bees at scale because of the frustrations of the last 2 decades. Those who still keep big apiaries have adjusted their methods in surprising ways to accommodate significant turnover and losses.
It's exactly the same here although our climatic conditions are very different.
Old timers remember a time when they used to just sulphur and kill an agressive colony to take honey- there were so many bees around they were sure to replace it.
Now some of them are convinced the water is poisoned because there is so much colony collapse disorder, our sudden bee death.
We've overwintered with minimal losses for 3 years. However, last year saw our hardest freeze since keeping bees, and we had the first hive starve in late fall due to rain washing out vital nectar flows, so we're trying new things to hopefully effect a different outcome than last year.
A cold winter for us is a normal or mild winter in many parts of the US, with two or three weeks at -10c/15f. The bees have actually had better years when it was the case, because that means a summer with less mites, varroa and hornets. Ours do have an open shelter very much like the photo in your first link.
The worse for them has been the unusual variations - abnormal warmth too early in february, trees budding too soon, getting all the bees out and about, followed by freeze killing everything.
And the drought, which means nothing to eat.
There's a stark difference in how our younger, 10-month pullets are dealing with the cold vs. how the nearly 3- and 4-year-olds are.
The olders barely leave the coops until temps crest 20°F/-6ish C. They have heaters keeping coop temps a little over freezing, and they appear perfectly content staying on the roost most of the day. With plenty of breaks to eat, that is. They've consumed 5 days of food in 4 days.
Meanwhile, the pullets want to be out and about. At one point in the coldest weather, I confined them in the run on dry ground because their little peach-colored feet were turning dark red from playing in the snow, and I didn't think they were taking the frostbite risk seriously enough.
I also see the same here. Last year as pullets they were out and about ; now as 18 months old hens they won't come out if it's -5.
Our winter this year is very mild, but last year it was colder than usual and my three years old ex-batts only came out of the coop for one or two hours in the afternoon. This year they are out most of the day as we have had very few mornings below freezing.
I think there are individual differences though. My bantam Merle has been unwell when it's below freezing, even as a pullet.
I have trouble understanding those posts where people claim their chickens are not fazed at all by the cold. Or maybe it's dry cold with sunshine and no wind ?
Weather tax. This year's hatch has only seen one day of snow- totally strange.
First time ever yesterday it rained in january in the highest village in our valley, at almost 2000m/6500 feet.