It's all really complicated and I haven't come across a whole lot of information regarding calcium overdose in geese. But from what I found, surplus calcium in laying geese is first stored in the bones, then excreted in the form of extra thick, bumpy and rough egg shells. I don't know for sure what happens if the goose isn't laying, but we humans secrete surplus calcium in our pee. So I'm guessing geese do the same.And GooseGirl, you mentioned that you looked into the possibility of giving a goose too much calcium, did you come across any negative effects?
Calcium deficiency could be caused by other than lack of calcium. Vitamin D3 is vital for the absorption of calcium. On the other hand, too much vitamin D3 drains calcium from the bones. So I wouldn't recommend adding D3 to their feed.
I found a few links that might be interesting:
http://www.thecanarysnest.com/calcium/index.html
This is primarily about canaries and other small birds, but it's really extensive on calcium deficiency and may be extrapolated to geese.
http://www.univet.hu/sc1/feltoltott/23_1336670115.pdf
The second pic on page one shows calcium storage in bones as preparation for egg production.
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70020863
A reference to a publication about wild geese eating clam shells.