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The answer is usually, "When they're ready"... and I know that doesn't help.
Newly hatched, a few chicks in a small brooder gets a 60w lightbulb in one corner. You will know if it's not enough heat, because they will pile underneath it. If that happens, I bump it up to a 100w bulb. I have had 3 week old chicks bonk the bulb so much that they broke it, and they did just fine in the 60°F garage without a heat source so I just left them like that. At 6 weeks they were fully feathered and went outside at 40°F.
Newly hatched chicks under a silkie will stay under mom for the first few days, then will venture out more and more. I hatched out 3 chicks on Aug 21 under a silkie. I had her in my breeder coop in an enclosed 4x4' pen on shavings, no heat source, and within 3 weeks they were barely able to fit underneath her. At 4 weeks we started dipping towards freezing at nights, and they were roosting above her already, so I took her out. It's 22°F this morning, 29°F in the coop. They're 6 weeks old, fully feathered, and they're just fine in the coop.
Have I lost chicks to the cold? Yes. Usually from being piled on. But like someone else mentioned, one of my goals is to raise cold-hardy chickens, so if they die at 50-60°F, did I really want to keep them in my breeding program? But I'm probably different from 95% of the people on this forum... I raised thousands of birds last year. I expect some losses. If I ordered a dozen for the entire year, I'd be making sure they didn't die. But for the people who live in areas that see long-term sub-freezing temps, adding more heat than they absolutely need is doing more harm than good, IMHO. Chickens will "down up" more in the colder temps... if they're too warm, they won't adjust, then if you lose power in the winter and they drop to sub-zero temps, they're going to have issues and you WILL have to add heat. Our fuel prices are *&$&! too high as it is, I don't need to be adding to the bill when they have perfectly good down coats.
