The dose makes the poison.
I have no idea if the hornworm killed the poult or not. But I do know that green tomato vines are toxic to a degree so it stands to reason that a hornworm that is feeding on them may also have a degree of toxicity. I've fed them many times to my yard hens and never noticed a problem, but if the poult was significantly smaller than a hen it may have been that it would have ingested enough of the toxin to do it in that would not have affected a larger hen.
Or it may have been something else altogether.