Eli bites for basically the same reason as June. Pampered with treats by one previous owner, abused by another, so the biting I think is partial self defense also. You put a hand above his head, watch out, otherwise he's pretty good.
I'm trying to decide whether this statement makes sense from a horse's point of view. Horses are flight animals; their primary defense is to run. A horse that feels trapped will fight, but it's generally defensive kicks intended to create distance between them and the threat. A scared horse may run right over you, but once he has an opening, he's outta there!
Biting, on the other hand, is an aggressive move. A horse that is feeling too much pressure from a dominant horse may kick out as a reaction to that pressure, but I have never seen one bite back at a horse that it knows outranks it (except maybe in play). When the mouth gets involved, that's pushy and at very least, disrespectful. In a horse's body language, dominance is high, submission in low - I can't help but wonder, when you put a hand over his head, is this little stud thinking, "Oh, so you think you're higher than me, huh? We'll just see about that!" I know that small dogs will sometimes exhibit fear aggression, but I'm not sure a horse's brain is capable of that kind of thinking.
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