I find interesting tidbits while browsing around. Things I did not know, and I want to remember:
Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug that reduces reproductive performance when it's inadvertentlyadded to layer or breeder diets at normal anticoccidial levels. The yolk membranes are weakened,resulting in mottling of the yolk. Nicarbazin fed to brown-egg layers turns their eggshells white within 48 hours, although this is completely reversible when the product is withdrawnfrom the feed. Even low levels of nicarbazin can cause some loss in shell color, mottlingof egg yolks and a decline in hatchability.
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This document is copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.
http://www.ithaca.edu/staff/jhenderson/chooks/chooks.html
ROOSTER IDENTIFICATION
According to UC Davis Veterinary Care Program:
2. Physical Characteristics (4-6 weeks of age)
a. Comb – The cockerels comb is medium size and pinkish, the pullets is small and yellowish.
b. Legs – The cockerel’s legs are sturdy and long, the pullets are finer and shorter.
c. Tail – The cockerel’s tail is stumpy and curved, the pullets is longer and straight.
d. Back – The cockerel has a thin line of stub feathers down the center of his back, the pullet has more advanced feathering along the center of her back.
e. Side of neck, flank and crop – The feathering in the cockerel in these areas is poorly advanced, the pullets feathering in these areas is well advanced.
f. Wing bows – In the cockerel the wing bows are bare, in pullets the wing bows are covered with small feathers.
Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug that reduces reproductive performance when it's inadvertentlyadded to layer or breeder diets at normal anticoccidial levels. The yolk membranes are weakened,resulting in mottling of the yolk. Nicarbazin fed to brown-egg layers turns their eggshells white within 48 hours, although this is completely reversible when the product is withdrawnfrom the feed. Even low levels of nicarbazin can cause some loss in shell color, mottlingof egg yolks and a decline in hatchability.
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| Table 1. Non-infectious causes of reduced egg production. | |
| CAUSES OF DECLINE | SIGNS/SYMPTOMS |
| OMISSION OF INGREDIENTS | |
| Salt | Nervous flock, increased pecking, feathers in digestive tract |
| Calcium | Birds down in cages, increased incidence of shell-less eggs |
| Vitamin D3 | Increased mortality from calcium depletion, increased shell-less eggs |
| Protein | Increased nervousness, increased mortality (peckouts), poor albumen quality, feather eating |
| Fat | Low body weight gains, drop in egg size |
| TOXICOSES | |
| Salt | Increased mortality due to urolithiasis, lowered feed intake |
| Phosphorus | Lower feed intake, soft bones, thin shells, increased shell-less eggs |
| Vitamin D3 | Increased shell-less eggs, soft bones |
| Mycotoxins | Nervousness, mouth lesions, fatty livers, biliary hyperplasia in liver tissue, reduced feed intake, thin shell |
| Botulism | Weakness, limp neck, neck feathers easy to pull out, prostration |
| ANTICOCCIDIALS | |
| Nicarbazin | Shell-less eggs, loss of pigment of brown eggs, lowered hatch, of fertile eggs |
| Monensin | Reduced feed consumption, birds lack coordination |
| MANAGEMENT MISTAKES | |
| Out of feed | Nervous flock, decreased feed consumption |
| Out of water | Blue combs, birds gathered around waterers |
| Inadequate daylength | Unusual pattern of egg production |
| High ambient temperature | Reduced egg size, reduced feed consumption, increased water consumption, panting |
| ECTOPARASITES | |
| Northern fowl mite | Nervousness, finding mites on birds (usually around the cloaca) |
| Lice | Nervousness, weight loss, reduced feed intake |
| Stick-tight fleas | Fleas embedded in the fleshy parts of the chickens's head around the eyes, ulceration and irritation of skin around the eyes |
| ENDOPARASITES | |
| Nematodes (roundworms) | Unthriftiness, poor feed efficiency, increased mortality (in severe infestations) |
| Cestodes (tapeworms) | General unthriftiness, dry and unkempt feathers, hearty appetite but weight loss |
| Table 2. Typical diagnostic signs associated with common diseases and conditions which can cause a drop in egg production. | |
| DISEASE | SIGNS |
| Fowl pox | - scab-like lesions on the unfeathered body parts (especially face and comb) |
| Coccidiosis | - characteristic gross lesions in the intestinal tract - higher mortality in some cases - bloody droppings |
| Infectious bronchitis | - coughing, sneezing, and rales - egg production drops markedly (by as much as 50%). - soft-shelled or misshapen eggs - watery egg white - poor pigmentation of brown-shelled eggs |
| Newcastle disease | Mild form:Acute form: - reduction in feed and water consumption- respiratory distress - dramatic drop in egg production- twisted neck - decreased shell quality - increased mortality |
| Avian influenza | Mildly pathogenic form:Highly pathogenic form: - listlessness- facial swelling - sneezing, coughing- dark red/white spots on legs and combs - diarrhea- respiratory distress |
| Avian encephalomyelitis | - seldom show clinical signs - slight, transient drop in egg production |
| Mycoplasma gallisepticum | - coughing, sneezing, snicks, rales, nasal and ocular discharge - decrease in feed consumption and egg production |
| Fowl cholera | - sudden unexpected deaths - reduction in feed consumption - swollen wattles - nasal and ocular discharge - cyanosis of head - white water or green mucoid diarrhea |
| Infectious coryza | - swelling and puffiness around the face and wattles - thick, foul-smelling nasal discharge - labored breathing - decrease in feed and water consumption |
This document is copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.
An Alphabetical List of More than 60 Chicken Breeds
With Comparative Information
With Comparative Information
http://www.ithaca.edu/staff/jhenderson/chooks/chooks.html
ROOSTER IDENTIFICATION
According to UC Davis Veterinary Care Program:
2. Physical Characteristics (4-6 weeks of age)
a. Comb – The cockerels comb is medium size and pinkish, the pullets is small and yellowish.
b. Legs – The cockerel’s legs are sturdy and long, the pullets are finer and shorter.
c. Tail – The cockerel’s tail is stumpy and curved, the pullets is longer and straight.
d. Back – The cockerel has a thin line of stub feathers down the center of his back, the pullet has more advanced feathering along the center of her back.
e. Side of neck, flank and crop – The feathering in the cockerel in these areas is poorly advanced, the pullets feathering in these areas is well advanced.
f. Wing bows – In the cockerel the wing bows are bare, in pullets the wing bows are covered with small feathers.
