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The lease doesn't prove the horse was not later sold, which is what the thief will probably try to claim. "Sure, I leased his horse, but I liked it so much that I bought it from him. Paid cash."
Still, if the OP can prove he owned the horse for a substantial time (vet records), prove the horse in question is the same horse (vet affidavit), prove he leased said horse to the thief (lease), it's going to make it harder for the thief to wiggle out of this one.
Still, best to get a lawyer on this.
A written lease sets a precedent that deals between these two parties are in writing. The lease is probably still in effect. If thief #1 doesn't have a written bill of sale which relieves him of the terms of the lease, I would think a judge could see right through him that he is a liar and a thief. Same for thief #2, which I bet didn't pay a cent for that horse, but his hiding him for thief #1. That horse is still stolen property and the sooner you file a civil claim in small claims court the sooner this will be resolved. That lease DOES have legal rammifications. It is probably your best legal piece of paperwork you have in this whole stinking deal. The fact that he broke the lease is irrelevant. It is a document that he did enter into a written agreement with you and failed to live up to the terms. (How BADLY he failed is another can of worms entirely!)