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The seller should have their receipt but that doesn't necessarily mean that there would be record of check-in in the USPS system, even with tracking purchased separately. Because the USPS only track certain packages they have a tendency to miss many of those that should be scanned into the system. Even they are aware of this short coming in their own system, to the point that they have internal contests between offices to incentivize package tracking being completed properly. Even small offices that scan relatively very few packages can often have extremely poor track records when it comes to scanning the packages into the system. For larger offices that handle more mail those track records can go down even more and very quickly.
All this said, what were the terms of the initial sale? If it was clearly stated that the shipment was the responsibility of the buyer once it left the seller's hands and insurance was not included or purchased separately then no, you're not entitled to "free" eggs in a separate shipment. If however the seller assumed responsibility of the shipment to your door and/or insurance was provided or purchased separately, then yes you are entitled to either a refund or a second shipment of eggs. Seems rather simple to me. You are entitled to whatever it was that was provided for you in the initial transaction in the case of this happening.
I will agree that the condition or hatchability of the eggs at receipt would generally not be something that the sender has control over. However, receipt of the eggs and recovery of loss is the sellers responsibility. THat loss recovery may be the claim against the PO, or it may be more eggs.