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Yes Kollonca, I am familiar with a few papers that have studied this phenomenon at great lengths. Nevertheless, the Japanese authors were able to link some of the malformation to specific nutrient deficiencies- deficiencies not required by typical poultry.
One must look at all the factors. True these earrings can grow into the brain and etc. But until a series of scientific experiments are staged that include nutrient supplementation, we cannot look at heterozygosity alone.
As I understand it, there is already a high rate of malformations in chicks hatched from parents with earrings. Nevertheless, these malformations are increased along with mortality when the diet is simply insufficient in specific enzymes and so on.
The chick develops with an egg yolk as its only source of sustenance. The diet of the focal breeding male and female needs to be adjusted- supplemented in such a manner that increases the nutritional value of the egg yolk- exponentially.
At what point in the division of the cells- that is during the formation of the embryo do things begin to go wrong?
Am I asking a clear question here?
We need to look deeper into the stages of development of the embryo to make an educated guess as to how to decrease malformations and mortality.
Of course the old Indian's birds didn't have these problems...or did they? What did the incredible elevations -what did that lack of oxygen have on the Quetero?
So many questions...