My whole country has a blanket of air pollution most of the time. Only 2 provinces in the north have reasonable clean air. Air pollution floats and spreads.
I am sorry to hear that. I visited the Netherlands in the summer of 1980 and again in the summer of 1984. I thought it was a beautiful country and we (college kids) had a great time touring your country. Loved it. Very nice people.
I spent my last year of college, 1983-1984, studying in Paris. The city would fill up with gas fumes during the day, at times, but generally cleared out in the evenings when traffic was less. I did not have a car but took the Metro or a bus wherever I needed to go. Living in the city, I did not miss having a car because the public transport was so good. In fact, it was often faster to take the metro than it would be to drive across town. There were not many bicycles in Paris, as I remember it. Lots of small gas powered motor scooters though.
Back here in the USA, I have only lived in places that had terrible public transport, if any at all. And now I live out in the country about 10 miles from town.
We ride bikes and go with public transport if we visit a city center.
I would choose to ride a bike as well if I lived in a place where it made sense. I have been looking into getting an ebike to ride into town, but none of the ebikes I can afford will guarantee that they will have the range to get me to town and back.

I am not young and fit anymore. So, I do not want to get into a situation where I would give myself a heart attack trying to peddle a heavy dead ebike back home. Well, that and I live in snow state where we can have snow on the ground for 5-6 months out of the year. Not great conditions to ride a bike on ice and snow. Especially if you live outside of town.
There are many advantages to living out in the country, but I do miss the ease of public transportation like I had when living in Paris.
The air pollution is often not worse in the city’s as it is in the country. Some city’s have banned old diesel’s and trucks completely to get cleaner air.
Where I live, we don't have any restrictions on vehicle emissions. I am sure my old 1993 Ford Explorer would not pass any emissions test if we had them. It pumps out the fumes and only gets 13 miles per gallon of gasoline. But it's a great working vehicle for hauling and towing stuff, and I only drive it maybe 500 miles per year. Insurance is dirt cheap on that old vehicle. I'll probably drive it until it dies, or I do.
FYI, I paid $600 for the old Ford Explorer which I can use year-round where I live. It even has 4-wheel drive if needed on the ice or snow. Compare that to the new ebikes I have been looking at which cost around $1,600.00, are not really made to work in the snow and ice of winter and cannot even guarantee that the battery will get me into town and back. An extra battery would cost another $500-$600 dollars to guarantee I would have the range for a round trip.
From an economic point of view, the old Ford just comes out ahead even though it spits out the fumes every time I drive it. I don't see our government offering any incentives to move to cleaner transportation.
FWIW, in case you think I am a terrible guy for driving an old vehicle that pumps out the gas fumes, I only go into town about once a week, have my route planned in advance, get all my errands done in one trip, and am back home until the next week. I also have newer cars that get much better gas mileage and will take them into town if I don't need to pick up and haul anything. It's not uncommon for those of us living out in the country to have a working vehicle like pickups in addition to smaller cars for most of our transportation.
What you don't see, where I live, is many bicycles for transportation even in town. I doubt if that will change in my lifetime.