Mapuche/South American Crested/ Nikkei/Kiri Kiri

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Thanks so much Kolloncas!

That Ona is of the right proportions and posture. The commercial domestic chicken genetics are not obvious.

The Ona is a very important subbreed because it represents the era in which the rarest Indian tribes (including the Ona) of the southern most tip of South America shifted into settlements like Villa Puerto Edén and generalized into a single group with a few sub tribes. The Ona peoples themselves did not practice agriculture until after they became subsumed with the Kawéshkar Indian peoples and this only after they settled into farming within Magallanes and Antartica Chilena Region .


In the Northern Western corner of South America we have the Quechua races of fowl. To the South and West we have the Mapuche races of fowl, which I will cover today.

The Ona and Huapi, the Shehuen these are members of this race that live at the very southern most end of the South American continent.

The Kirikiri and Huapi are ancestral types of the Mapuche so they will be dealt with in another thread within this article.

So here I will get back to Mapuche fowl.
 
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Thanks Kolloncas.

North American poultiers may appreciate the difference between the first Ona photograph and this last one.
The first photo is a nice representative of the more gracile predator wary native fowl of the more remote Indian settlements.

Kolloncas's photo directly above this post represent the dual purpose utility form of the same. Commercial utility breeds have intermixed with the original Indians' fowl to produce these bulky hens with their oversized wattles and combs. The utility phase of the Crested Mapuche's relationship with Indigine' Fowl is analogous with the relationship that commercial strains of North American Easter Eggers have with the original Quechua. It is most unfortunate when unscrupulous poultiers breed the utility into the Indigine strains. This must be avoided at all costs. Breeding Indigine strains into utility strains, however, may prove beneficial. The large utility strains of both Quechua and Mapuche can be described as Standard.
The Indigine class, however, is not a bantam. Its the original, junglefowl proportioned lineage (s) of which there may be miniaturized versions.


The Ona will ideally have a very delicate head with a long slender bill. She'll have a sparse crest at the forefront of the head reminiscent of a cardinal.


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Here is a photo of the original morphotype reconstructed via selective breeding in the U.K.
( yes this is a henny feathered male)


Ideally, this is the morphological and phenotypic direction Ona poultiers will want to travel towards.

Note the position of the legs on the body and the ample wings; winterized face and lack of bare facial skin.
 
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Bananas

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Taro

Bananas and Taro are invaluable crops of the Austronesians. Their domestication and continued refinement over tens of centuries enabled the Austronesians to colonize islands from Madagascar to Rapa Nui.They carried these important crop plants with them everywhere they went.


Let’s walk back in time for a moment. The Neolithic period is unfolding at different times and in different stages; different versions across South East Asia and Indonesia- We are standing on an island somewhere between Sulawesi and Sumatra 4,000 years ago. The Austronesians have been at this Neolithic thing for more than a century at this point. Narrowly as it relates to our subject of chickens
They’ve been select breeding fowl from the first time they discovered their use.
Being seafarers the Austronesians have been picking up fowl in every place they’ve docked their canoes and lived awhile. Consequently, their chickens were unusual in character. They placed special emphasis on roosters as eggs and meat were not the first priority. The Austronesians held some spiritual linkage with the symbolism of the cocks crow. An unusual crow that stood out from all the rest took precedence above all the rest and so an industry of the production of singing roosters began. It continues to this very day throughout Indonesia. The people that select breed these singing roosters and enter competitions with their prize birds, they are the descendants of the earliest Austronesian seafarers that arrived ~3,400 years ago.

Their gigantic naked necked fowl –the females of this grotesque race proved invaluable in the domestication of all the various fowl. Their offspring were larger than all others and depending on the sire, their plumage was equally if nor surpassing in splendor from the parental species.


It’s confusing I realize and the whole time I’m writing this I’m cringing.
I’m cringing because this opus could be construed as justification of hybridization.
Let me make it clear. Hybridizing junglefowl with chickens is unethical. It exposes rare and endangered junglefowl with common domestic chicken ailments and diseases. For example, the green junglefowl that has been used to breed with a domestic hen and then is turned loose or escapes into its native Indonesia often turns around and breeds with a female of its own species. The male junglefowl then passes on the chicken herpes virus (Mareks) to the population of wild junglefowl.
A junglefowl hybrid that looks like its wild parent, for example a 75% grey junglefowl bred back to a grey junglefowl is still a hybrid even if it looks like a grey.
This is unacceptable. Please do not keep junglefowl with chickens. Please do not hybridize junglefowl with chickens.


I’m covering this process of domestication here to help explain the history of some of our more familiar breeds as well as some very obscure ones. From an anthropological perspective this process of selective breeding and refinement of hybrid fowl is enlightening. Nevertheless, the production of hybrids is endangering wild populations of naturally selected species. If you are already the steward of a breed descended of hybridization, you have a responsibility to maintain that population as its own unique genetic package. It’s taken countless generations of selective breeding to reach a domestic fowl that is useful in agricultural applications.
Bringing in JF genes destroys all that selective breeding. All the disease resistence and hardiness, the ability to subsist on inferior nutrition and to lay eggs every day- to be cheerful and tame- all these traits are removed when JF genes are reintroduced into domestic stock.

Ok with that out of the way- I’ll get back to describing the different hybrids and their significance to the ancient Austronesians and how domestic races were born of these hybrid strains- to eventually emerge as invaluable breeds well known to us many centuries later.​
 
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I spent two years in Ecuador and didn't take any note of the chickens or the colors of the eggs while I was there. regrettable for me.

Guess I'll stick with my Ameraucanas and BCMs and Polish.

I'm actually going to try and make a blue laying polish....
 
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As Ameraucanas are for all intensive purposes North American Quechua you are already working with a conservation worthy stock. Marans of course are another cultural treasure as is the Paduan Polish.

I have a concern however. By the action of "make a blue laying polish" you may produce birds that superficially resemble the Mapuche fowl we are describing here today- they could at least pass for Mapuche to people that have no experience with the breed. This hypothetical mirror phenotype could eventually contaminate conservation lines. Perhaps you could work with Mapuche instead? Keep your Paduan Polish producing more of the same? As in more Polish?

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I've included this photo of Van Gogh's masterpiece to remind our readers that the sunflower- contributed to us from the Mapuche Indians- is a great contribution -the plant itself, which originated as some tine wild flower in the Patagonian highlands and Chilean grasslands -became a masterpiece in the hands of the Mapuche Indians.
 
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Of course, we have to go backwards in time and space to adequately describe the origins of the MAPUCHE fowl.
As one can readily appreciate, they share a common ancestor with the Quechua, namely the Ayam Ketawa sub race.

It’s a bit convoluted and yet worth learning all the same just how and where the Mapuche Fowl came into being. As I’ve stated before, the Crested Mapuche race is a cousin of the winter-faced Quechua. The Quechua speaking Indians were distant cousins of the Mapuche Indians. They shared common ancestors many more thousands of years ago than these South American breeds of fowl but its an analogous situation. The Inuit peoples of the North Pole are distant cousins with the Comanche Indians of South West North America and Mexico. The distance separating the Inuit peoples from the Comanche is enormous with entire mountain ranges, flood plains, primeval forests and highland deserts between them. This is the same case in South America. The Quechua speaking Indians live at the northern corner of the South American continent. The Mapuche live at the southern end of that continent.
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These are specimen skins of Seafarer Fowl; the racial progenitors of four distinct breed types of South America. Those subraces or breed types- are:

1. The Quechua (winter-faced)
2. Crested Mapuche (top knot crests without winter faces)
3. Collonca
4. Quetero

These Seafarer Fowl specimens were collected on various islands in the South Pacific and Oceania by Dutch and Japanese naturalists. The dates on the skins indicate that these birds were being collected and described as early as the late 1500's. The islands, which the birds were collected on, tended to be highly isolated and deserted by humans. The birds’ ancestors were left to fare for themselves regardless of the ecology, size or climate of each island. As humans often failed to permanently colonize these same islands or visited only rarely it was probably an infrequent occurrence that new fowl were carried to these islands to sweeten the bloodlines.
The birds apparently underwent severe genetic bottlenecks.



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The surviving generations tended to morphologically mutate towards an ancient ancestor –one that preceded Junglefowl on the evolutionary timetable. Populations of some island fowl often resembled those gigantic quail-like birds known as Francolins. Henny feathering as it is described in poultry vernacular can be quite common on island locked forms. The longer the birds were isolated on islands with severe ecological challenges the more Francolin-like they tended to become. This is probably analogous with a similar phenomenon observed in island-bound dabbling ducks closely related to the mallard. The males and females of the island forms are almost invariably very similar in plumage.

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Most of these island fowl are extinct today. Your Ameraucana; or Easter Egger, your Quail Bantam, Quechua and Collonca; your Araucanian hens-they are for the large part, all that remains of these enigmatic island races.

But what are these so called " Island Races" ? Looking more closely at these island forms, unraveling their genetic histories reveals some interesting evidence and leaves us with many unanswered questions.

What can be extrapolated from the genetic data is that the most ancient island forms from the South Pacific and Oceania; Marquesas, Mangareva and Pitcairn Isles are analogous with certain archaic sub-racial lineages, proto-breeds and indigenous breeds still being produced in rural Indonesia. This is not surprising given the fact that the original inhabitants of Indonesia were the Melanesians and Micronesians.

Austronesians arrived a bit later but used the genetic material of the aboriginal Indonesians to create proto-breeds. These proto-breeds were defined and selected according to Austronesian objectives. The Austronesians introduced their own genetic material into the equation as well, producing subracial strains unique to southern Austronesia. When derived Polynesians finally embarked eastwards, they carried this genetic material (unique genotypes of chickens) with them as they island hopped all the way through Oceania, the Pacific and eventually even Western South America.

To recap:

The Melanesians and Micronesians were fond of Ayam Bekisar Arjuna ( the hybrid between wild Green JF males and Indonesian Red JF females.) These birds were not particularly tame. They were not domesticated. The birds represented something of vital religious importance related to seafaring and they also helped to keep fishing boats in hearing distance with one another. The Aboriginals of Indonesia also kept large game fowl- birds accrued from trade with neighboring Austronesian civilizations in N.E. Sumatra. The large games were of the Prejarit type. They basically looked like oversized Red JF though some birds, especially females, were likely to have been dull sepia black, a trait passed down from their Malagasy ancestress.

I realize this may seem convoluted to the uninitiated but you selectionists are following on closely.

For those of you having a more difficult time making sense out of my overly laborious writing -here are some graphics that will I hope illustrate the primary foundations of Seafarer Fowl. Seafarer Fowl will of course, in time, become island stranded. Wherever one Seafarer culture or the next carried these fowl, the birds were obliged to survive and even thrive on islands very diverse in ecology and climate and so on. I realize I've covered this before but these basic points must be repeated sometimes.
The Seafarer Fowl were of these primary genotypes:
 
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1. Red JF
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a.Vietnamese
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b.Thailand

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c. Philippines

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Wild Indonesian Red Junglefowl male
d. Indonesian

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The Matriarch of large gamefowl=
2. Austronesian Giant Islandfowl
a. Comoros Isles
b. Malagasy
c. Reunion Isles



Everything that follows is some admixture of the aforementioned stocks above. The early Indonesians generated and established these special breeds through many centuries of selective breeding.

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The first breed the Austronesians probably produced was the Ayam Pelung. The Pelung is the largest, heaviest breed of Indonesia.
It is descended of some composite of Red JF as sires with Austronesian Giant Islandfowl female ancestors. The level of selective breeding is probably high with intensive backcrossing with various Red JF to improve comb or colour and with Austronesian Giant to increase size and pugnacity.

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3. Ayam Pelung ( ancient breed of hybrid origin between Red JF males and Austronesian Giant females.

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a. Ayam Prajurit (long-established breed derived of Thai/Vietnamese Red JF males bred onto Pelung females)


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b. Ayam Kedu ( long-established breed derived of Arjun Bekisar males bred onto Prajurit females)

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c. Ayam Cemani (ancient black boned breed select bred from Arjun Bekisar and Black Kedu)

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4. Ayam Kampung ( product of centuries old Prajurit X Austronesian Giant selective breeding; one of the principle (MATERNAL) progenitors of the Black Sumatran
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a. Sumatran ( hybrid origin between Wallikikilli/Kedu and Kampung)

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The Green JF male has been used for centuries to produce the bizarre Bekisar singing fowl. It makes very little sense to our western minds but molecular evidence suggests that these bekisars have played a larger role in the domestication of chickens than ever imagined.
The blue egg gene is inherited from the Green Jf as is the long tail and long crow; black bones and single gular lappet.

5.Violaceous Round Hackled Singing Fowl

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Award winning Ayam Bekisars that have earned their owners prestige and money for their 'singing' abilities .

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a. Ayam Bekisar (hybrid between male Green JF males and domestic chicken females)

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b. Ayam Bekiko Matahari (hybrid between male Bekisar males and Ayam Sentul females)

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c.1.Ayam Bekiko Djam Karet (produced by crossing Ayam Bekisar males onto Prajurit females-note oversized combs and wattles)

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c.2. Ayam Bekiko Pelung ( Bekisar X Pelung female note huge size)


A very different Bekisar is that of the Aboriginal Indonesians- that is those that were generated prior to the arrival of Austronesians.
The Arjuna Bekisar is a hybrid between Green JF males and Indonesian Red JF females. The Arjuna Bekisar was used in the creation of black boned morphs like the Cemani. The Arjuna was the first JF to become naturalized on these island-centuries before the arrival of the Austronesians. Because of the sterility of female bekisar, only those islands with robust populations of Indonesian gamefowl survived.
Black morphs are very common in these populations. The most prized bekisar of all is the wholly black one and this morph only appears amongst Arjuna crosses.
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d. Ayam Bekisar Arjuna (hybrid between male Green JF males and Indonesian Red JF females)
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e. black Ayam Bekisar Arjuna

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Sri Lanka Junglefowl sires were bred to domestic hens to produce the Willikikilli or Basket Bantam.

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5. Wallikikilli AKA Sri Lanka Basket Bantam (hybrid origin between Sri Lanka JF males and domestic Red JF derived females )
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a. Ayam Kokokketawa ( an actual breed produced via Bekisar X Basket Bantam hen- male progeny onto Prajurit hens selective bred for voice)

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b. Ayam Ketawa Pinrang ( produced by crossing Kokokketawa roosters onto Prajurit hens)
 
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6. Laughing Fowl

The Indonesians were not content with even their unique cacophony of rooster songs sung from a multitude of breeds. They pushed it even further- perhaps reaching the apex of their selective breeding of domestic fowl. They produced birds that can produce multi-syllabic laughing quaying calls. We must remember that the bekisar is a long crower - there's nothing multi-syllabic about a beksar's call- Unless- its been altered...



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b. Ayam Kelenting ( Wallikilli rooster onto Prajurit hens)

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c. Ayam Ketawa Balengkek ( produced by crossing Bekisar roosters onto Wallikiilli hens. )

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d. Ayam Ketawa Bali (produced by crossing Ketawa Balengkek rooster onto Austronesian Giant hens)


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e. Ayam Ketawa Tulungagung (Ketawa Bali X Prajurit hens)
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Ok- so by now if anyone is still reading, they are wondering what the (ph) this has to do with those Crested Mapuche chickens; the photos of specimen skins collected centuries ago on desert isles; the genetic data written about obscure chicken breeds...

So here it is- You need to understand how complex the selective breeding of the ancient Austronesians was to get a proper idea of what successive waves of seafaring immigrants were carrying with them on their eastward expansion- their contribution to the formation of the Polynesian culture and what they brought to Easter Island- and from Easter Island- they arrived in Chile- carrying these gene stocks.

We can't know precisely which managed to survive being carried from one island to the next, but we do know that many of the strains and individual sires of strains were considered to be symbolic of the most divine nature. They were carried like embers from one homeland to the next.


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Remember those great big ugly Austronesian fowl? Their topknot was inherited by the more recent ancestors of the Crested Mapuche race.
This trait stands out from all the rest- it informs us that there were plenty of founders with top knots that made it to Chile.


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e. Ayam Semarang Ketawa

Note the piebald plumage. This indicates that the individuals photographed are the product of too much outbreeding. Their cells and dna are not working together all that well. The pigment simply doesn't know what to do with each row of feathers.
 
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